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Mechanisms through which TNF-α could contribute to the emergence of a depression: activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, induction of apoptosis, stimulation of the serotonin reuptake and induction of the IDO. For details see text. Abbreviations: tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD), indoleamine (2,3-)dioxygenase (IDO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).
