Table 4.
Metabolite composition of the seeds.
| Metabolite Class | Metabolite | Metabolite Content According to Seeds, Genotype and Heat Stress (µg/g DW) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immature Seeds | Mature Seeds | ||||||||
| “Primadur” | “T1303” | “Primadur” | ‘T1303’ | ||||||
| Control | Heat Shocked | Control | Heat Shocked | Control | Heat Shocked | Control | Heat Shocked | ||
| Amino acids | Valine | 270.70 ± 21.41 b | 267.00 ± 7.2 b | 472.61 ± 33.09 a | 417.28 ± 31.48 a | 4.61 ± 0.36 c | 35.71 ± 1.9 a | 18.64 ± 0.78 b | 12.41 ± 4.65 b |
| Alanine | 564.62 ± 141.78 c | 872.74 ± 163.77 b | 1101.31 ± 64.53 b | 1755.42 ± 33.55 a | 2.30 ± 1.51 b | 52.33 ± 10.07 a | 46.00 ± 13.9 a | 2.54 ± 0.64 a | |
| Asparagine | 1288.58 ± 240.59 b | 2937.24 ± 463.81 a | 762.11 ± 108.55 c | 399.26 ± 28.08 c | 94.80 ± 22.3 d | 785.64 ± 153.1 b | 1130.97 ± 198.7 a | 251.81 ± 17.4 c | |
| Aspartic acid | 905.30 ± 99.02 b | 1594.59 ± 91.14 a | 234.81 ± 36.14 c | 109.90 ± 13.69 c | 12.18 ± 6.4 b | 731.34 ± 128.6 a | 651.2 ± 134.8 a | 19.89 ± 2 b | |
| Glutamic acid | 1783.16 ± 38.36 b | 2044.83 ± 282.1 a | 225.47 ± 12.81 c | 170.25 ± 11.73 c | 48.8 ± 10.14 b | 922.88 ± 188.47 a | 843.14 ± 71.3 a | 58.70 ± 4.02 b | |
| Isoleucine | 102.73 ± 5.5 a | 79.90 ± 12.47 b | 145.72 ± 14.61 a | 122.15 ± 9.02 a | 1.82 ± 1.36 b | 7.56 ± 1.25 a | 8.91 ± 0.85 a | 5.53 ± 0.55 a | |
| Serine | 1288.70 ± 275.98 a | 1239.40 ± 200.18 a | 816.27 ± 40.28 b | 871.37 ± 50.38 b | 11.49 ± 0.37 b | 507.24 ± 111.58 a | 452.58 ± 102.7 a | 43.95 ± 35.5 b | |
| Glycine | 388.48 ± 30.45 b | 477.34 ± 4.29 a | 364.77 ± 15.54 c | 349.93± 12.33 c | 0.93 ± 0.04 c | 11.46 ± 1.9 a | 7.08 ± 1.45 b | 2.22 ± 1.53 c | |
| Threonine | 377.24 ± 26.29 a | 370.0 ± 18.08 a | 114.34 ± 12.16 b | 111.11 ± 4.75 b | 24.90 ± 1.46 b | 188.53 ± 36.85 a | 193.26 ± 9.17 a | 24.96 ± 18.12 b | |
| Leucine | 54.16 ± 12.83 | 44.22 ± 10.61 | 66.34 ± 9.04 | 57.12 ± 8.96 | 1.76 ± 0.51 | 3.87 ± 1.54 | 4.11 ± 0.8 | 2.73 ± 0.56 | |
| β-Alanine | 36.84 ± 0.58 a | 41.59 ± 4.86 a | 3.25 ± 0.3 b | 2.31 ± 0.06 b | 1.29 ± 1.8 b | 24.36 ± 4.9 a | 20.39 ± 1.8 a | 0.15 ± 0.04 b | |
| Phenyl-alanine | 122.70 ± 5.13 b | 184.59± 2.87 a | 17.56 ± 1.47 c | 15.45 ± 0.53 c | 27.73 ± 0.4 b | 74.41 ± 10.9 a | 75.69 ± 9 a | 33.67 ± 0.4 b | |
| Tryptophan | 374.54 ± 20.03 c | 495.99 ± 76.84 c | 885.13 ± 119.2 b | 1174.36 ± 76.73 a | 217.38 ± 15.8 b | 328.26 ± 14.5 a | 288.04 ± 51.8 a | 177.44 ± 32.7 c | |
| Tyrosine | 42.84 ± 2.79 b | 59.27 ± 7.69 a | 7.09 ± 1.32 c | 8.64 ± 1.16 c | 2.27 ± 1.2 b | 23.78 ± 7.4 a | 25.42 ± 4.8 a | 4.30 ± 2.8 b | |
| GABA | 787.32 ± 48.17 b | 1101.48 ± 114.79 a | 37.75 ± 6.45 c | 14.06 ± 4.3 c | 8.44 ± 0.99 b | 403.25 ± 102.8 a | 335.83 ± 37.7 a | 7.54 ± 0.84 b | |
| N-compounds | Putrescine | 22.93 ± 3.8 b | 39.68 ± 7.3 a | 2.35 ± 0.2 c | 2.46 ± 0.4 c | 0.21 ± 0.05 b | 11.22 ± 6.7 a | 0.72 ± 0.56 b | 0.73 ± 0.3 b |
| Cadaverine | 7.13 ± 0.8 b | 10.49 ± 0.7 a | 0.52 ± 0.07 c | 0.43 ± 0.03 c | 0.52 ± 0.07 b | 3.48 ± 0.6 a | 0.82 ± 0.7 b | 1.59 ± 0.06 b | |
| Spermidine | 38.22 ± 1.7 a | 47.45 ± 16.4 a | 1.34 ± 0.2 b | 1.88 ± 1 b | 0.21 ± 0.05 b | 10.68 ± 5.1 a | 14.57 ± 2.8 a | 0.21 ± 0.05 b | |
| Organic acids | Citric acid | 459.28 ± 64.1 b | 634.92 ± 41.6 a | 177.07 ± 12.5 c | 81.50 ± 16.1 d | 1.74 ± 0.18 b | 287.19 ± 94.4 a | 274.99 ± 28 a | 4.99 ± 0.42 b |
| Ferulic acid | 10.32 ± 0.7 b | 19.34 ± 0.3 a | 0.71 ± 0.08 c | 0.50 ± 0.15 c | 0.24 ± 0.3 c | 8.70 ± 1.5 a | 5.85 ± 1.1 b | 0.08 ± 0.01 c | |
| Fumaric acid | 177.35 ± 2.9 b | 217.43 ± 7.4 a | 97.94 ± 11.2 c | 18.34 ± 1.4 d | 27.47 ± 0.2 c | 153 ± 16 a | 113.33 ± 5.1 b | 23.34 ± 10.8 c | |
| Malic acid | 3644.35 ± 217.6 b | 4643.75 ± 122.3 a | 1423.95 ± 82.4 c | 998.79 ± 156.1 d | 388.73 ± 11.8 c | 1714.39 ± 371 b | 2485.56 ± 113.5 a | 384.11 ± 13.7 c | |
| Nicotinic acid | 12.5 ± 1.6 a | 13.61 ± 0.2 a | 7.70 ± 0.3 b | 7.05 ± 0.7 b | 3.70 ± 1.1 c | 5.97 ± 0.22 b,c | 7.23 ± 1.5 a,b | 3.50 ± 0.8 c,d | |
| Oxalic acid | 195.75 ± 4.2 c | 278.72 ± 15.9 a | 227.04 ± 6.7 b | 133.30 ± 10.7 d | 190.53 ± 58.6 b | 403.1 ± 44.6 a | 355.3 ± 56.7 a,c | 172.87 ± 60.9 b,c | |
| Quinic acid | 159.48 ± 52.6 a | 160.95 ± 20 a | 4.63 ± 0.24 b | 3.65 ± 0.05 b | 1.1 ± 0.61 b | 33.52 ± 14.1 a | 40.93 ± 10.1 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 b | |
| Saccharic acid | 6478.77 ± 828.1 b | 9090.44 ± 1296.2 a | 1573.27 ± 22.5 c | 1299.86 ± 71.3 c | 108.98 ± 8.9 c | 5359.32 ± 277.3 a | 4525.53 ± 335.5 b | 188.93 ± 5.7 c | |
| Shikimic acid | 22.21 ± 4.4 a | 26.66 ± 10.4 a | 1.46 ± 0.3 b | 0.97 ± 0.1 b | 8.86 ± 0.26 | 11.59 ± 2.7 | 15.36 ± 4.3 | 14.40 ± 1.8 | |
| 3PGA | 5.67 ± 0.2 a | 3.7 ± 0.1 b | 0.38 ± 0.07 c | 0.38 ± 0.04 c | 26.19 ± 0.7 b | 4.17 ± 0.6 c | 4.49 ± 1.5 c | 35.63 ± 0.8 a | |
| Sugars | Raffinose | 171 × 103 ± 23,837 a | 194.2 × 103 ± 17,216 a | 109.9 × 103 ± 12,833 b | 51.1 × 103 ± 3581 c | 23.6 × 103 ± 488 b | 79.3 × 103 ± 17,194 a | 60 × 103 ± 11,498 a | 29.1 × 103 ± 1801 b |
| Sucrose | 74.1 × 103 ± 4287 b | 93.6 × 103 ± 6549 a | 79.9 × 103 ± 1056 b | 83.7 × 103 ± 958 a,b | 22.8 × 103 ± 367 b | 54.7 × 103 ± 7948 a | 50.5 × 103 ± 4090 a | 23.4 × 103 ± 546 b | |
| Glucose | 6333.51 ± 183 b | 8777.81 ± 208 a | 609.21 ± 38 c | 453.68 ± 123 c | 5.26 ± 0.4 c | 5626.15 ± 517 a | 3179.70 ± 763 b | 8.00 ± 0.5 c | |
| Glucose 6-phosphate | 48.37 ± 9.3 a | 52.1 ± 11.1 a | 0.32 ± 0.04 b | 0.18 ± 0.07 b | 0.18 ± 0.07 c | 41.67 ± 12 b | 141.7 ± 71 a | 0.32 ± 0.03 c | |
| Fructose | 15,186.55 ± 1824 b | 22,969.97 ± 188 a | 1178,03 ± 395 c | 808.44 ± 100 c | 502.52 ± 376 b | 13,476.94 ± 2103 a | 8658.34 ± 3269 a | 284.88 ± 54 b | |
| Fructose 6-phosphate | 919.3 ± 139 a | 736.7 ± 307 a | 3.8 ± 0.8 b | 2.63 ± 0.5 b | 0.86 ± 0.56 b | 345.09 ± 135 a | 316.75 ± 105 a | 2.8 ± 0.71 b | |
| Ribose | 257.68 ± 28.6 b | 367.70 ± 17.2 a | 15.72 ± 1.2 c | 17.09 ± 0.4 c | 4.33 ± 0.2 b | 127.98 ± 15 a | 140.92 ± 32.5 a | 2.48 ± 0.08 b | |
| Mannose | 1749.64 ± 223 b | 2780.72 ± 294 a | 124.04 ± 37 c | 117.94 ± 11 c | 27.44 ± 1.3 b | 1596.85 ± 34.3 a | 1461.67 ± 284 a | 31.77 ± 8.8 b | |
| Palatinose and maltitol | 23.19 ± 2.5 b | 74.29 ± 8.7 a | 9.53 ± 2.1 c | 15.14 ± 1.9 c | 20.30 ± 9.5 c | 22.91 ± 9.5 b,c | 134.31 ± 17 a,b | 21.15 ± 5.4 c,d | |
| Xylose and lyxose | 236.62 ± 17.8 b | 914.38 ± 51 a | 42.55 ± 2.8 c | 35.72 ± 3 c | 6.80 ± 0.6 c | 229.21 ± 38.6 a | 155.01 ± 37.5 b | 17.26 ± 2.4 c | |
| Maltose and turanose | 32.6 × 103 ± 2528 b | 50 × 103 ± 4071 a | 117.6 × 103 ± 348 c | 20.1 × 103 ± 3258 c | 7176.69 ± 132 c | 30.1 × 103 ± 4058 a | 21.3 × 103 ± 1875 b | 4382.71 ± 399 d | |
| Sugar alcohols | Mannitol | 133.43 ± 12.33 a | 140.58 ± 6 a | 41.39 ± 3.7 b | 11.96 ± 1.1 c | 2.90 ± 0.5 d | 87.08 ± 5.5 a | 62.05 ± 3.3 b | 10.37 ± 2.1 c |
| myo-Inositol | 335.32 ± 12.9 b | 364.13 ± 6.5 a | 61.86 ± 3 c | 52.99 ± 1.3 c | 10.96 ± 0.88 b | 256.76 ± 48.8 a | 227.33 ± 43.1 a | 14.98 ± 0.45 b | |
| Glycerol | 1698.32 ± 73 a | 1733.06 ± 128 a | 1181.24 ± 60 b | 1229.17 ± 79 b | 16.06 ± 0.96 c | 128.94 ± 14.9 a | 40.61 ± 4.6 b | 49.77 ± 2.9 b | |
Data are means ± standard deviation. Values in the same row followed by different superscript letters are significantly different (p < 0.05; Tukey’s tests). No letters are given when differences are not statistically different. ANOVA analysis was performed independently on immature and mature seeds. GABA, γ-4-aminobutyric acids; 3PGA, 3-phosphoglyceric acid.