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Proposed causal relationships between adiposity and outcomes in breast cancer. Potential influences obesity and physical inactivity on mammary tumourigenesis. *Increased insulin and leptin also are risk factors for other comorbidities such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Abbreviations: IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; ER-α, oestrogen receptor alpha; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin.
