Figure 5. Sex-specific associations between PM_2.5 exposure over gestation and memory domains: Comparing models based on levels averaged over pregnancy vs. identified sensitive windows.

This figure demonstrates estimated sex-specific associations and 95% CIs between prenatal PM_2.5 levels and each memory-related domain (WRAML-2) percentiles, obtained from multivariate regression models in which the prenatal PM_2.5 levels were (A) averaged across the sensitive windows identified by DLMs as in Figure 3, and (B) averaged over gestation. Lower percentiles of WRAML-2 measures indicate less favorable memory related performance. Models were adjusted for maternal age, race, education, prenatal/postnatal maternal smoking, parity, and blood lead level at neurodevelopmental testing.