Table 1.
Sample characteristics.
| Variable | CBT n=33 | Usual care n=20 | p |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||
| Mean±SD | Mean±SD | ||
| Age (years) | 63.9±7.8 | 68.4±9.0 | 0.06 |
| Time from surgery to enrollment (days) | 16.8±20.6 | 9.50±7.6 | 0.13 |
| Weight (kg) | 87.7±16.2 | 77.0±16.8 | 0.03 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.8±7.7 | 26.2±5.0 | 0.07 |
| No (%) | No (%) | ||
| Female | 3 (9.1) | 6 (30) | 0.05 |
| Single | 8 (24.2) | 5 (25.0) | 0.95 |
| Minority | 11 (33.3) | 6 (30) | 0.80 |
| Non-elective surgery | 11 (33.3) | 10 (50) | 0.23 |
| On antidepressants | 12 (36.4) | 7 (35.0) | 0.92 |
| History of depression | 11 (33.3) | 6 (30.0) | 0.80 |
| Major depression | 23 (69.7) | 16 (80.0) | 0.27 |
| BDIa,b | |||
| Pre | 17.4±9.8 | 14.9±10.5 | 0.39 |
| Post | 8.6±9.6 | 17.6±10.8 | 0.003 |
| BPI–Interferencea,b | |||
| Pre | 5.3±3.1 | 3.8±3.2 | 0.10 |
| Post | 1.9±2.3 | 3.4±3.4 | 0.08 |
| BPI–Severitya,b | |||
| Pre | 4.0±2.2 | 3.4±2.7 | 0.37 |
| Post | 2.1±2.1 | 2.5±2.4 | 0.49 |
| CAS-Ra,c | |||
| Pre | 26.6±5.6 | 24.5±7.7 | 0.26 |
| Post | 34.4±5.6 | 27.6±6.5 | <.001 |
| PSQIa,b | |||
| Pre | 10.6±4.4 | 10.4±4.8 | 0.88 |
| Post | 7.7±4.3 | 9.2±5.8 | 0.30 |
a
Ranges of possible scores: 0–63 (BDI), 0–10 (BPI), 8–40 (CAS-R), 0–21 (PSQI).
b
Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity.
c
Higher scores indicate greater control.
BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BMI: body mass index; BPI: Brief Pain Inventory; CAS-R: Control Attitudes Scale-Revised; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; CBT: cognitive behavioral therapy; PSQI: Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index; SD: standard deviation.