Table 2.

Sites, types, and mechanisms of traumatic injuries caused by SGAs (modified from Michalek and Donaldson [13]).

Site of injury	Type(s) of injury	Mechanism(s) of injury
Pharyngeal mucosa	Laceration Bruising	Forceful insertion, inadequate lubrication Prolonged insertion, too high cuff pressures
Laryngeal apparatus	Arytenoid dislocation Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury	Direct trauma Compression of the nerve in piriform fossa
Uvula	Trauma leading to ischemia and necrosis	Direct trauma Prolonged compression
Epiglottis	Bruising Laceration	Incorrect or forceful insertion, anatomical abnormalities
Tongue	Frenular injury Lingual nerve injury	Incorrect or forceful insertion Compression of inferior or lateral surface of the tongue by cuff or tube of SGA
Teeth	Displacement Fracture of roots	Direct trauma Biting on SGA/bite block
Lips	Laceration Nerve injury	Direct trauma Compression by device, taping to device