TABLE 1.
Single gene models for non-medullary thyroid cancer in the mouse*
| Gene | Mutation | Human phenotype | Mouse phenotype | Alleles** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRAF | V600E | PTC (usually cPTC or fvPTC) | PTC | TX KI KI-I TX-I |
| RET-PTC1 | Fusion gene | PTC | PTC (non-invasive) | TX |
| RET-PTC3 | Fusion gene | PTC | PTC (non-invasive) | TX |
| TRK-T1 | Fusion gene | PTC | PTC (non-invasive) | TX |
| H-RAS | G12D/G12V | PTC or FTC | hyperplasia | TX/KI |
| K-RAS | G12D | PTC or FTC | hyperplasia | TX/KI |
| N-RAS | Q61K | PTC or FTC | PTC/FTC | TX |
| Rap1b | G12V | ND | hyperplasia | KI-I |
| PAX8-PPARG | Fusion gene | FTC | hyperplasia | TX |
| PTEN | Knockout | FTC or PTC | FTC (likely strain dependent) | Het KO |
| Prkar1a | Knockout | FTC or PTC | FTC | Het KO |
| THRBPV/PV | PV (fs443) | RTH (het)*** | FTC | KI (homo) |
| PIK3CA | H1047R | FTC (?) | Minimal hyperplasia | KI-I |
| SV40 T-ag | Viral gene | -- | ATC | TX |
*
References for each of the models can be found in the text
**
TX: Transgenic, KI: Knock-in, KI-I: Inducible Knock-in, TX-I: Inducible transgenic, Het: Conventional heterozygote, KO: Knockout (tissue-specific)
***
RTH: Resistance to thyroid hormone.
Note that patients are heterozygous for the mutation. The phenotype is observed in homozygous mice