Table 4.
HRs of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and cardiovascular events
| Gastrointestinal bleeding |
Cardiovascular events |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cHR | (95% CI) | aHR | (95% CI) | cHR | (95% CI) | aHR | (95% CI) | |
| Entire sample | 1.68 | (1.54 to 1.83) | 1.68 | (1.54 to 1.83) | 1.21 | (1.16 to 1.26) | 1.20 | (1.15 to 1.25) |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1.25 | (1.15 to 1.36) | 1.28 | (1.17 to 1.40) | 1.12 | (1.07 to 1.16) | 1.20 | (1.15 to 1.26) |
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Age group, years | ||||||||
| 65–69 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 70–74 | 1.08 | (0.96 to 1.20) | 1.04 | (0.93 to 1.16) | 1.38 | (1.30 to 1.46) | 1.35 | (1.27 to 1.43) |
| 75–79 | 1.20 | (1.07 to 1.35) | 1.18 | (1.05 to 1.33) | 1.62 | (1.52 to 1.72) | 1.58 | (1.49 to 1.68) |
| 80– | 1.06 | (0.94 to 1.19) | 1.07 | (0.95 to 1.21) | 1.53 | (1.45 to 1.62) | 1.52 | (1.43 to 1.62) |
| Previous diagnosis | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 1.03 | (0.95 to 1.13) | 0.96 | (0.85 to 1.08) | 1.19 | (1.14 to 1.24) | 1.11 | (1.05 to 1.19) |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.07 | (0.98 to 1.17) | 0.99 | (0.90 to 1.09) | 0.97 | (0.93 to 1.01) | 0.91 | (0.87 to 0.95) |
| Coronary artery disease | 1.15 | (0.99 to 1.33) | 0.97 | (0.83 to 1.14) | 1.38 | (1.30 to 1.48) | 1.13 | (1.05 to 1.22) |
| Heart failure | 1.28 | (1.10 to 1.50) | 1.10 | (0.93 to 1.29) | 1.33 | (1.23 to 1.43) | 1.11 | (1.03 to 1.21) |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 1.32 | (1.04 to 1.69) | 1.12 | (0.88 to 1.43) | 1.23 | (1.08 to 1.39) | 1.10 | (0.97 to 1.24) |
| Osteoarthritis | 1.06 | (0.94 to 1.19) | 1.02 | (0.90 to 1.16) | 1.12 | (1.06 to 1.19) | 1.05 | (0.99 to 1.12) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1.32 | (0.96 to 1.82) | 1.21 | (0.87 to 1.67) | 0.91 | (0.76 to 1.10) | 0.86 | (0.72 to 1.04) |
| Liver disease | 1.25 | (1.13 to 1.39) | 1.16 | (1.04 to 1.29) | 0.89 | (0.85 to 0.95) | 0.90 | (0.85 to 0.95) |
| Renal failure | 1.67 | (1.44 to 1.94) | 1.39 | (1.19 to 1.62) | 1.09 | (1.01 to 1.19) | 0.92 | (0.84 to 1.00) |
| Medication use | ||||||||
| Antihypertensive agent | 1.10 | (1.00 to 1.21) | 1.02 | (0.89 to 1.16) | 1.18 | (1.12 to 1.23) | 0.96 | (0.90 to 1.03) |
| Anticoagulant | 1.42 | (1.25 to 1.61) | 1.20 | (1.05 to 1.38) | 1.29 | (1.21 to 1.37) | 1.11 | (1.04 to 1.19) |
| Antiplatelet agent | 1.17 | (1.05 to 1.30) | 1.02 | (0.91 to 1.15) | 1.61 | (1.53 to 1.69) | 1.49 | (1.41 to 1.57) |
| Aspirin | 1.12 | (1.02 to 1.22) | 1.07 | (0.97 to 1.17) | 1.20 | (1.15 to 1.25) | 1.11 | (1.06 to 1.16) |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 1.72 | (1.50 to 1.96) | 0.96 | (0.86 to 1.08) | 1.07 | (0.99 to 1.16) | 0.91 | (0.85 to 0.97) |
| Gastroprotective agent | 1.40 | (1.29 to 1.52) | 0.98 | (0.89 to 1.07) | 1.17 | (1.12 to 1.22) | 0.89 | (0.86 to 0.93) |
| Corticosteroid | 1.16 | (1.04 to 1.28) | 1.01 | (0.91 to 1.06) | 1.05 | (1.00 to 1.11) | 0.96 | (0.91 to 1.02) |
| SSRI | 1.10 | (0.93 to 1.30) | 0.98 | (0.83 to 1.17) | 1.25 | (1.16 to 1.36) | 1.16 | (1.07 to 1.25) |
aHR, adjusted HR; cHR, crude HR; IR, incidence rate; IRR, incidence rate ratio; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.