Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies (n=36).
| Author, year (number of participants) | Country (ethnic origin) |
Follow-up years (SD) |
Age years (SD) |
Female (%) | Education, years (SD)/level | Drop-out rate (%) | Baseline cognition score (SD) | Depression measure (cut-off) |
Baseline depression score (SD) | Dementia diagnosis and criteria (number of cases) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barnes et al, 2012 (n=13535) | USA (24.2% non-white) |
6.0 (NR) | 81.1 (4.5) | 57.9 | 85.6% with high-school or higher | 55.46% | NR | ICD-9 | NR | Dementia (ICD9, n=3046) AD (ICD9, n=749) VaD (ICD9, n=314) |
| Becker et al, 2009 (n=288) | USA (17.4% non-white) |
7.1 (NR) | 77.5 (3.7) | 63.2 | 61.5% with high-school or higher | 34.7% | NR | CES-D-SF (≥10) | NR | AD (NINCD-ADRDA, n=48) |
| Blasko et al, 2010 (n=284) | Austria* | 2.5 (NR) | 78.3 (0.5) | ∼56.5 | 10.6 years (2.2) | 14.8% | 28.1 (1.4) MMSE | GDS (continuous) | 1.6 (1.6) | AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=33) |
| Chen et al, 1999 (n=803) | USA (3% non-white) | 4.5 (NR) | 73.7 (5.0) | 60.0 | 61.4% with high-school or higher | 15.8% | 24 (NR) MMSE | mCES-D (continuous) | NR | Dementia (DSM-III-R, n=78) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=64) |
| Chen et al, 2008 (n=1329) | China (NR) | 1.0 (NR) | >65 (NR) | NR | NR | 27.8% | NR | GMS-AGECAT | NR | Dementia (GMS-AGECAT, n=75) |
| Chen et al., 2008 (n=2157) | UK (NR) | 4.0 (NR) | >65 (NR) | NR | NR | 58.7% | NR | GMS-AGECAT | NR | Dementia (GMS-AGECAT, n=176) |
| Dal Forno et al, 2005 (n=1357) | USA† (NR) | 6.1 (NR) | 65.5 (12.0) | 42.4 | 16.8 (2.7) | NR | NR | CES-D (continuous, ≥20, ≥16) | 7.1 (6.8) | Dementia (DSM-III-R, n=125) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=107) |
| Devanand et al, 1996 (n=478) | USA‡ (70% non-white) | 2.54 (1.12) | ∼72 (NR) | ∼70 | 10.4 (4.8) | 41.6% | NR | HAM (continuous) | 4.8 (4.8) | Dementia (DSM-III-R, n=61) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=57) |
| Dotson et al, 2010 (n=1113) | USA† (10.5% non-white) | 23.6 (NR) | 52.7 (18.8) | 42.3 | 16.6 (2.8) | NR | NR | CES-D (≥16) | NR | Dementia (DSM-III-R, n=142) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=96) |
| Fuhrer et al, 2003 (n=3777) | France (NR) | 8.0 (NR) | 75.2 (6.9) | 58.3 | 62.9% with primary school certificate or higher | 37.4 | 25.6 (3.7) MMSE | CES-D (≥23 females, ≥17 males) | 10.2 (9.3) | Dementia (DSM-III-TR, n=280) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=200) VaD (n=37) |
| Gatz et al, 2005 (n=766) | Canada§ (NR) |
5 (NR) | 74.5 (6.0) | 61.7 | 10.4 (3.2) | 35.4 | NR | CES-D (continuous, ≥13, ≥16, ≥17, ≥21) | 6.1 (7.0) | Dementia (DSM-III-R, n=56) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=36) |
| Geerlings et al, 2008 (n=486) | Netherlands (NR) | 5.9 (1.6) | 73.5 (∼7.5) | 49.0 | 2.9 (1.6) on 8-point scale (from no primary to tertiary) | NR | 27.7 (2.1) MMSE | CES-D (≥16) | NR | Dementia (CAMDEX, n=44) AD (NINCDS-ADRDS, n=33) |
| Geerlings et al, 2000 (n=1911) | Netherlands¶ (NR) | 3.2 (NR) | 73.1 (5.5) | 62.3 | 8.6 (2.6) | 39.3% | NR | GMS-AGECAT | NR | AD (DSM-IV, n=53) |
| Goveas et al, 2011 (n=6376) | USA (13% non-white) | 5.4 (1.6) | 70.1 (3.8) | 100 | 92.8 with high school or higher | 14.7% | NR | CES-D–SF (≥5) | NR | Dementia (DSM-IV, n=102) |
| Heser et al, 2013 (n=2663) | Germany** (NR) | 6 (NR) | 81.3 (3.4) | 65.3 | 39.0% with high school or higher | 11.2% | NR | DSM-IV, GDS-15 (≥6) | NR | Dementia (DSM-IV/ICD10, n=308) AD (DSM-IV, n=152) VaD (NINDS-AIREN, n=56) |
| Heun et al, 2006 (n=615) | Germany (NR) | 4.7 (1.2) | 68.1 (8.2) | 59.83 | NR | 18.8% | NR | CIDI/DSM-IIIR | NR | AD (DSM-IIIR, n=38) |
| Irie et al, 2008 (n=1932) | USA (100% Japanese American) | 6.1 (NR) | 76.3 (3.6) | 0 | 96.8% with more than 6 years of education | 21.6% | NR | CES-D (11-item version; ≥9) | NR | Dementia (DSM-III-R, n=98) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=NR) VaD (California AD Diagnostic and Treatment Centres criteria, n=NR) |
| Jessen et al, 2010 (n=2415) | Germany** (NR) | 3 (NR) | 79.5 (3.6) | 64.3 | 34.1% with high school or higher | 25.5% | 45.5 (3.2) SISCO | GDS (≥6) | 2.1 (2.2) | Dementia (DSM-IV, n=110) AD ((NINCDS-ADRDA, n=54) VaD (NINDS-AIREN, n=26) |
| Jessen et al, 2011 (n=1526) | Germany** (NR) | 3.81 (NR) | 80.1 (3.6) | 65.7 | 36.0% with high school or higher | 38.0% | NR | GDS (≥6) | NR | AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=88) |
| Jungwirth et al, 2009 (n=487) | Austria* (NR) | 5 (NR) | 75.8 (0.5) | 60.9 | 98% with secondary school or higher | 16.8% | NR | DSM-IV | NR | AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=30) VaD (NINDS-AIREN) |
| Kim et al, 2010 (n=518) | South Korea†† (NR) | 2.4 (0.3) | 71.8 (5.1) | 54.4 | NR | 17.1% | NR | GDS (Korean version, ≥14) | NR | Dementia (DSM-IV, n=45) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=34) VaD (NINDS-AIREN, n=7) |
| Kim et al, 2011 (n=518) | South Korea†† (NR) |
2.4 (0.3) | 71.8 (5.1) | 54.4 | NR | 17% | NR | Geriatric Mental State schedule (GMS) | NR | Dementia (DSM-IV, n=45) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=34) VaD (NINDS-AIREN, n=7) |
| Kohler et al, 2011 (n=771) | Netherlands (NR) | 9 (NR) | 67.2 (7.3) | 48.0 | 49.5% with high school or higher | 11.3% | 27.8 (1.8) MMSE | SCL-90 (top quartile, continuous | 20.9 (6.2) | Dementia (DSM-III-R and IV, n=37) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=26) VaD (NINDS-AIREN, n=11) |
| Lenoir et al, 2011 (n=7989) | France‡‡ (NR) | 4 (NR) | 74.0 (5.4) | 61.3 | 23.8% with high education level | 22.3% | 27.4 (1.9) MMSE | CES-D (f>22, m>16) | NR | Dementia (DSM-IV, n=276) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=180) VaD (NINDS-AIREN, n=24) |
| Li et al, 2011 (n=3410) | USA (NR) | 7.1 (NR) | 74.9 (6.2) | 59.9 | 63.8% with college degree | 8.1% | 93.1 (5.0) CASI | CES-D-11 (≥11) | 4.2 (4.4) | Dementia (DSM- IV, n=658) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=386) VaD (NINDS-AIREN, n=89) |
| Luchsinger et al, 2008 (n=526) | USA‡ (79.5% non-white) | 5.1 (3.3) | 75.1 (6.4) | 67.7 | 8.6 (4.4) | NR | NR | HAM (continuous, ≥10) | 4.6 (4.4) | AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=114) |
| Luppa et al, 2013 (n=888) | Germany (NR) | 4.3 (2.4) | 81.3 (4.5) | 73.4 | 64.3% with low education | 29.8% | 27.1 (1.9) MMSE | DSM-III-R CES-D (continuous, ≥23) | NR | Dementia (DSM-III-R/IV, n=183) |
| Palmer et al, 2007 (n=185) | Sweden (NR) | 3.4 (0.6) | 84 (5.1) | 84.9 | 39.2% with high school education or higher | 22.4% | NR | CPRS | NR | AD (NINCDs-ADRDA, n=10) |
| Palsson et al, 1999 (n=267) | Sweden (NR) | 3 (NR) | 85 (NR) | ∼70.8 | NR | 46.4% | 27.9 (2.3) MMSE | DSM-III-R | NR | Dementia (DSM-III-R, n=50) |
| Saczynski et al, 2010 (n=949) | USA (NR) | 8 (NR) | 79.3 (5.0) | 63.6 | 96.4% with high school or higher | NR | NR | CES-D (continuous, ≥16) | 7.4 (7.5) | Dementia (DSM-IV, n=164) AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=136) |
| Samieri et al, 2008 (n=1214) | France‡‡ (NR) | 4 (NR) | 74.3 (4.9) | 61.5 | 40.1% with high school or higher | 10.9% | NR | CES-D (f>22, m>16) | 7.4 (7.5) | Dementia (DSM-IV, n=65) |
| Schmand et al, 1997 (n=2114) | Netherlands¶ (NR) | 4 (NR) | 74.3 (5.4) | 62.9 | NR | 41.1% | 28.1 (1.5) MMSE | GMS-AGECAT | 1.6 (1.1) | Dementia (GMS- AGECAT, n=131) |
| St John et al, 2002 (n=998) | Canada§ (NR) | 5 (NR) | 75.3 (NR) | 60.2 | 9.9 (NR) | 32.6% | 89.5 (NR) 3MS | CES-D (≥16) | NR | Dementia (DSM-III-R, n=93) |
| van der Kommer et al, 2010 (n=521) | Sweden (NR) | 8 (NR) | 83.3 (3.0) | 67.4% | 29.4% with elementary school or more | 47.4% | NR | CES-D (≥16) | NR | Dementia (DSM-III-R, n=93) |
| Vilalta-Franch et al, 2012 (n=451) | Spain (NR) | 5 (NR) | 76.9 (5.5) | 65.4 | 4.3 (3.8) | 5.09% | NR | CAMDEX, DSM-IV | NR | Dementia (DSM-IV, n=52) AD (DSM-IV, n=30) VaD (DSM-IV, n=14) |
| Wilson et al, 2003 (n=130) | USA (NR) | 3.9 (NR) | 81.0 (6.6) | 52.3 | 18.1 (3.6) | <5% | NR | CES-D-SF (continuous) | NR | AD (NINCDS-ADRDA, n=51) |
| Wilson et al, 2011 (n=785) | USA (NR) | 3.4 (1.4) | 80.7 (7.4) | 76.3 | 14.5 (3.1) | 4.3% | 28 (2.1) MMSE | NEO personality inventory revised (continuous) | 11 (4.9) | AD (NINCDS-ADRD, n=94) |
Studies reporting on the same cohort: *Vienna Transdanube Ageing study (VITA), †Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA); ‡Washington Heights and Inwood, Columbia Aging Project, §Manitoba Study of Health and Aging (MSHA), ¶Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL), **Study on Aging, cognition and dementia, ††Korean prospective community survey of late-life psychiatric morbidity ‡‡Three-City Study (3C).
AD, Alzheimer's disease; CAMDEX, Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination; CASI, Child & Adolescent Symptom Inventory; CES-D, Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview; CPRS, Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; GMS, Geriatric Mental State; GMS-AGECAT , Geriatric Mental State - Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy; HAM, Hamilton rating scale for depression; ICD, International classification of diseases; mCES-D, modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NINCDS-ADRDA, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association; NINDS-AIREN, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences; NR, not reported; SCL, Symptom Checklist; VaD, vascular dementia.