Table 4.

Pavlovian instrumental transfer (PIT) design and results

	Training	Result
Selective PIT
Pavlovian conditioning	Tone→food 1 Noise→food 2	Tone→strong CR Noise→strong CR
Instrumental conditioning	Response 1→food 1 Response 2→food 2	Acquire both independent actions
PIT test	ITI, tone, noise Response 1→Ø Response 2→Ø	ITI: response 1 ≅ response 2 Tone: response 1 > response 2/response 1 > ITI press Noise: response 1 < response 2/response 2 > ITI press
General PIT
Pavlovian conditioning	Tone→food 1 Noise→Ø	Tone→strong CR Noise→no CR
Instrumental conditioning	Response→food 2	Acquire instrumental action
PIT test	ITI, tone, noise Response→Ø	Tone press > ITI press Noise press ≅ ITI press
Devaluation	Food→LiCl	Food is rejected
PIT test	ITI, tone, noise Response→Ø	Tone press > ITI press Noise press ≅ ITI press Tone approach CR ≅ ITI approach CR Noise approach CR ≅ ITI approach CR

An appetitive conditioned stimulus (CS) can both bias the selection of instrumental action (outcome-specific PIT) by way of generating a detailed representation of the paired unconditioned stimulus (US), and can invigorate the performance of a nonselective range of instrumental actions by way of the CS acquiring general motivational properties. Counterbalancing is not represented. CR, Conditional response; LiCl, lithium chloride; ITI, intertrial interval.