Table 3.
Association of Subject Characteristics at Study Entry and Hemoglobin Change at Second Hemoglobin Measurement: Results of Bivariate and Multivariable Linear Regression
| Subject characteristics | Bivariate coefficient for hemoglobin change from baseline to measurement 2 (g/dl), with 95% CI N = 240 | p | Multivariable coefficient for hemoglobin change from baseline to measurement 2 (g/dl), with 95% CI N = 232 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Study site | ||||
| Coalane | −0.50 (−1.04, 0.03) | 0.064 | −0.62 (−1.15, −0.09) | 0.022 |
| Inhassunge | −0.88 (−1.35, −0.40) | <0.001 | −0.98 (−1.45, −0.52) | <0.001 |
| Namacurra | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Gender, pregnancy status | ||||
| Male | 0.53 (0.00, 1.07) | 0.05 | — | |
| Female, not pregnant | Ref | Reference | — | |
| Pregnant | 0.39 (−0.18, 0.97) | 0.175 | — | |
| Age (years) | 0.005 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.680 | ||
| Illiterate | −0.17 (−0.60, 0.26) | 0.437 | ||
| Did not accept home visits | 0.61 (−0.03, 1.25) | 0.061 | — | |
| HIV/AIDS status | ||||
| CD4 count adjusted for interaction with ART status at enrollmenta | ||||
| CD4 <350, no ART | −0.11 (−0.70, 0.48) | 0.719 | 0.10 (−0.46, 0.65) | 0.729 |
| CD4 <350, started ART | −1.51 (−2.62, −0.40) | 0.008 | −1.43 (−2.50, −0.36) | 0.009 |
| CD4 <350, on ART | −0.59 (−1.28, −0.10) | 0.095 | −0.40 (−1.04, 0.25) | 0.229 |
| CD4 >350 | Reference | Reference | ||
| No CD4 available | −0.38 (−0.25, +1.02) | 0.231 | 0.17 (−0.43, +0.77) | 0.586 |
| On zidovudine (ART or PMTCT) | 0.01 (−0.45, 0.43) | 0.964 | ||
| On co-trimoxazole prophylaxis | −0.05 (−0.56, 0.45) | 0.842 | ||
| Clinical characteristics at enrollment | ||||
| Temperature (axillary, °C) (4 missing) | −0.26 (−0.51, −0.02) | 0.038 | — | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) (9 missing) | 0.08 (0.01, 0.15) | 0.017 | 0.08 (0.02, 0.14) | 0.010 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) at baseline | −0.25 (−0.44, −0.06) | 0.009 | −0.38 (−0.57, −0.20) | <0.001 |
| Smear-positive pulmonary TB | 1.22 (−2.08, 4.52) | 0.467 | ||
| Smear-negative pulmonary TB | −0.08 (−1.10, 0.94) | 0.876 | ||
| TB suspect | −0.35 (−1.20, 0.51) | 0.424 | ||
| Active TB, not diagnosed until after enrollment visit | −1.31 (−2.18, −0.45) | 0.003 | — | |
| Bacteremia (detected on blood culture drawn at enrollment visit) | 0.09 (−1.09, 1.28) | 0.878 | ||
| Malaria (rapid test positive) | −0.17 (−0.76, 0.41) | 0.557 | ||
| Malaria (slide-confirmed) | −0.11 (−0.77, 0.54) | 0.731 | ||
| Oral candida | 0.20 (−0.92, 1.32) | 0.726 | ||
| Esophageal candida | −3.06 (−4.93, −1.18) | 0.001 | −2.63 (−4.38, −0.87) | 0.003 |
| Suspected Stage III anemia | 0.57 (−1.77, 2.91) | 0.632 | ||
| Suspected ADR, CTX | 1.04 (−0.45, 2.52) | 0.170 | ||
| Suspected ADR, ZDV | 0.49 (−0.69, 1.68) | 0.413 | ||
| Management at visit 1 | ||||
| Start ART | −0.90 (−1.83, 0.04) | 0.060 | See above | |
| Start ZDV (for ART or PMTCT) | 0.38 (−0.73, 1.50) | 0.499 | ||
| Stop ZDV | 0.49 (−0.69, 1.68) | 0.413 | ||
| Start CTX | −0.20 (−0.74, 0.35) | 0.473 | ||
| Stop CTX | 1.04 (−0.48, 2.52) | 0.170 | ||
| Start antimalarial | −0.31 (−0.88, 0.26) | 0.280 | ||
| Start TB treatment | −0.22 (−2.14, 1.69) | 0.820 | ||
| Continue TB treatment | 0.12 (−1.00, 1.24) | 0.835 | ||
| Start antibiotics | −0.07 (−0.52, 0.37) | 0.743 | ||
| Start antifungals | 0.42 (−0.24, 1.08) | 0.211 | ||
| Start ferrous sulfateb | Undefined | |||
| Start anthelminthics | −0.60 (−1.48, 0.27) | 0.174 | ||
| No interventions aside from ferrous sulfate, anthelminthics, and/or antimalarials before hemoglobin 2 | 0.09 (−0.34, 0.52) | 0.685 | ||
| Constant | 3.28 (1.29, 5.26) | 0.001 | ||
a
Antiretroviral use was very infrequent in patients with CD4 ≥350 or missing.
b
100% ferrous sulfate prescription in subjects with nonmissing data.
ADR, adverse drug reaction; ART, combination antiretroviral therapy; CD4, CD4+ T-lymphocyte count, cells/μL; CI, confidence interval; CTX, co-trimoxazole prophylaxis; PMTCT, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; TB, tuberculosis; ZDV, zidovudine.