Table 5.
Promising Interventionsa
| Approach | Example Program/Intervention | Description | Evidence for Effectiveness (Evidence Described as Programs Not Yet Evaluated by Listed Evaluation Bodies) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brief clinical interventions | SEEK | Primary care–based approach to identify targeted risk factors, brief interventions such as motivational interviewing, handouts, and resource referrals, including social worker support | RCTs suggest that SEEK is associated with reduced child maltreatment and may also reduce intimate partner violence54,55 |
| Bystander training | Green Dot | Educate and empower individuals witnessing violence or harmful behaviors to act and shift social norms | A systematic review of campus sexual assault prevention showed some behavioral change56A systematic review of bullying prevention programs was associated with increased bystander intervention57 |
| Income supports | WIC, Food Stamp Program, or other supplements | Supplement family income: programs can provide foodstuffs; other services; or direct cash transfers, subsidies, or tax credits | Income supplement programs have been evaluated in randomized and quasi-experimental longitudinal designs: the Minnesota Family Investment Program, an alternative welfare structure that provided increased financial incentives for families, was administered through random allocation and was associated with decreased domestic violence and child behavioral problems58 Another rigorous evaluation among Native American families demonstrated that income supplements from the opening a casino was associated with a decrease in conduct disorders among children who moved out of poverty59 |
| Built environment modifications | Green space creation or provision | Access to green space by cleaning vacant lots and planting grass or trees or through housing assignments | Random assignment of urban public housing residents to areas of increased green space was associated with decreased levels of partner violence60 and a longitudinal, decade-long, difference-in-differences analysis demonstrated that vacant lot greening was associated with decreased gun assaults61 |
Abbreviations: NA, not evaluated; RCTs, randomized clinical trials; SEEK, Safe Environment for Every Kid; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
a
Other promising interventions are those not yet reviewed by the evaluation bodies listed but with experimental evidence suggesting potential effect on multiple forms of violence.