Table 2.
Change echocardiography, CPET, and haemodynamics
| Characteristics | Training group |
Control group |
P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from baseline to 15 weeks |
Baseline | Change from baseline to 15 weeks |
||||
| Primary analysis set (n = 79: 38 training vs. 41 control) | Absolute | Change in per cent (95% confidence interval) | Absolute | Change in per cent (95% confidence interval) | ANCOVA | ||
| Mean 6 min walking distance (m) | 453 ± 91 | 29 ± 53 | 5.5 (1.7, 9.3) | 413 ± 95 | −12 ± 46 | −1.9 (−6, 2.25) | 0.002 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||||||
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 1163 ± 2520 | −89 ± 1387 | 13.2 (−9, 35) | 1114 ± 1386 | 141 ± 827 | 39.9 (−21, 101) | 0.44 |
| Cardiopulmonary exercise testing | |||||||
| Peak VO2/kg (mL/min/kg) | 13.3 ± 3.6 | 3.1 ± 2.7 | 24.3 (17.1, 31.4) | 12.7 ± 4.0 | −0.2 ± 2.3 | 0.9 (−6.4, 8.3) | <0.001 |
| Peak VO2 (mL/min) | 986 ± 294 | 233 ± 209 | 23.2 (16.6, 30) | 992 ± 275 | −28 ± 150 | −2.4 (−7, 2.2) | <0.001 |
| Oxygen pulse [(mL/min)/min−1] | 8.2 ± 2.4 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | 7.4 (3.5, 11.2) | 8.0 ± 2.1 | 0.1 ± 1.1 | 1.5 (−2.3, 5.3) | 0.07 |
| HR rest (1/min) | 74 ± 11 | 2 ± 10 | 3.8 (−0.8, 8.4) | 80 ± 11 | −4 ± 11 | −4.8 (−8.8, −0.8) | 0.18 |
| HR max (1/min) | 122 ± 21 | 14 ± 15 | 12.8 (8, 17.7) | 125 ± 17 | −4 ± 12 | −2.8 (−5.9, 0.2) | <0.001 |
| RR sys at rest (mmHg) | 114 ± 18 | −5 ± 17 | −3.0 (−7.4, 1.4) | 111 ± 15 | 2 ± 16 | 2.6 (−2, 7.2) | 0.19 |
| RR dia at rest (mmHg) | 72 ± 10 | −2 ± 11 | −1.1 (−5.6, 3.4) | 74 ± 10 | −2 ± 11 | −1.3 (−6.1, 3.6) | 0.78 |
| RR sys max (mmHg) | 140 ± 22 | 13 ± 24 | 10.7 (4.3, 17.1) | 146 ± 25 | −3 ± 23 | −0.2 (−5, 4.6) | 0.008 |
| RR dia max (mmHg) | 82 ± 12 | 3 ± 14 | 6.0 (−0.8, 12.7) | 79 ± 13 | 2 ± 11 | 3.6 (−0.8, 8.0) | 0.34 |
| Workload max (W) | 74 ± 27 | 18 ± 28 | 32.1 (15.8, 48.4) | 72 ± 23 | −1 ± 14 | 1.8 (−6.4, 10.1) | <0.001 |
| Secondary analysis set (n = 59: 31 training vs. 28 control) | |||||||
| RHC at rest | |||||||
| mPAP (mmHg) | 41 ± 12 | −4 ± 10 | −7.3 (−13.2, −1.5) | 38 ± 12 | 5 ± 8 | 16.1 (6.4, 25.8) | 0.007 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 5.0 ± 1.4 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 12.5 (6.3, 18.6) | 5.1 ± 1.8 | −0.5 ± 1.3 | −5.3 (−11.7, 1.1) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 9.3 (2.4, 16.2) | 2.7 ± 0.9 | −0.3 ± 0.8 | −6.5 (−13, 0.2) | <0.001a |
| PAWP (mmHg) | 9 ± 4 | 2 ± 4 | 24.4 (9.2, 39.7) | 9 ± 4 | −0.3 ± 4.7 | 9.2 (−12, 30) | 0.18 |
| PVR (dyn × s/cm) | 540 ± 267 | −87 ± 151 | −19.3 (−28.4, –10.3) | 512 ± 338 | 87 ± 168 | 34.5 (1, 68) | <0.001a |
| RHC during exercise (exercise n = 49: 28 training vs. 21 control) | |||||||
| mPAP (mmHg) | 66 ± 19 | 2 ± 10 | 5.3 (−0.2, 10.8) | 58 ± 18 | 4 ± 9 | 9.6 (0.7, 18.6) | 0.71 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 10.3 ± 3.4 | 2.1 ± 2.7 | 20.4 (11.5, 29.2) | 9.1 ± 2.3 | −0.3 ± 1.2 | −2.0 (−9, 5) | 0.002 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 5.4 ± 1.6 | 1.0 ± 1.4 | 19.5 (10.4, 28.5) | 4.7 ± 1.1 | −0.2 ± 0.6 | −4.3 (−12, 3) | 0.002 |
| PAWP (mmHg) | 15 ± 5 | 0.6 ± 6 | 9.7 (−7.5, 26.9) | 15 ± 7 | 0.5 ± 4 | 7.1 (−4, 19) | 0.93 |
| PVR (dyn × s/cm5) | 453 ± 219 | −44 ± 150 | −10.6 (−22.3, 1.1) | 439 ± 272 | 26 ± 175 | 15.1 (−6, 37) | 0.16 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation; two-sided P-values of ANCOVA are given.
NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PAP, pulmonary arterial pressure; sys, systolic; dia, diastolic; m, mean; HR, heart rate; RR, blood pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RHC, right heart catheter; PAWP, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance.
aNo significant difference in multiple imputation analysis. Frequency of missing values within the analysis sets within groups was always below 15%.