Table 3.
Parameters used to measure physiological reponses to stress in cattle.
| Physiological Responses to Stress | Reference |
|---|---|
| Cortisol Measurement | |
| Serum/Plasma | [74] |
| Urine | [85] |
| Salivary | [86] |
| Hair | [80] |
| Milk | [87] |
| Epinephrine | [54] |
| Norepinephrine | [54] |
| Faecal metabolites | [88] |
| White Blood Cell Counts | |
| Complete Blood Count | [45] |
| Neutrophil/Lymphocyte | [45] |
| Heart rate | [66] |
| Respiratory rate | [66] |
| Body Temperature | [14] |
| Glucose | [89] |
| Pyruvate | [15] |
| Acute Phase Proteins | [77] |
| Innate Immune Responses | [90] |
| Body Weight | [77] |
| Serum proteome | [8] |
| Transcriptional Profiles | [14] |