Base pair requirement in gal promoters. (A) The DNA sequence from −25 to +1 of P1 and a summary of the effect of base pair changes from +1 to −25 on P1 transcription; (B) The DNA sequence from −20 to +6 of P2 and a summary of the effect of base pair changes from −20 to +6 on P2 transcription; (C) Consensus promoter region of P1 and P2 derived from the results shown in (A) and (B). R = A or G, N = any nucleotide. Base pair is in red if it is unique for promoter function, green if it improves promoter function, and black if it is degenerate. The symbol “>>>>” in vertical shapes represents 4.1-fold or more difference in promoter function from the wild type; “>>>”, 3.1 to 4-fold; “>>”, 2 to 3-fold; “>” less than 2-fold; “=” indicates equal (reproduced with permission from Elsevier, [14]).