Table 3.
Cox proportional hazard model of the adjusted effect of NHIS membership on incidence of deaths among children under-five during the five years preceding the survey, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011, Ghana
| Characteristics | Crude hazard rate [95 % CI] | Wald P-value | Adjusted hazard rate [95 % CI] | Adjusted Wald P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHIS membership | P = 0.15 | P = 0.30 | ||
| No valid card/Valid card not seen | 1 | 1 | ||
| Have valid card seen | 0.81 [0.60, 1.08] | 0.86 [0.64, 1.14] | ||
| Area of Residence | P = 0.17 | |||
| Urban | 1 | |||
| Rural | 1.22 [0.92, 1.61] | |||
| Mother’s Education | P = 0.01 | P = 0.12 | ||
| None | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 0.99 [0.71, 1.37] | 0.98 [0.69, 1.39] | ||
| Middle/JHS | 0.76 [0.55, 1.05] | 0.78 [0.55, 1.10] | ||
| Secondary+ | 0.37 [0.20, 0.69] | 0.46 [0.21, 0.99] | ||
| Wealth Index Quintile | P = 0.11 | P = 0.56 | ||
| Poorest | 1 | 1 | ||
| Second | 1.09 [0.78, 1.51] | 1.17 [0.83, 1.63] | ||
| Middle | 0.90 [0.63, 1.28] | 1.01 [0.70, 1.46] | ||
| Fourth | 1.05 [0.70, 1.57] | 1.24 [0.80, 1.92] | ||
| Richest | 1.52 [0.30, 0.89] | 0.77 [0.40, 1.48] | ||
| Sex of Child | P < 0.01 | P < 0.01 | ||
| Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 0.64 [0.50, 0.84] | 0.65 [0.51, 0.85] | ||
| Mother’s age at birth (Years) | P = 0.29 | |||
| Less than 20 | 1 | |||
| 20–34 | 0.76 [0.52, 1.12] | |||
| 35–49 | 0.91 [0.61, 1.36] |