Table 2.
Characteristics of Propensity Score‐Matched Individuals with Diabetes, Hypertension, and CHD Dually Enrolled in the VA Health Care System and Medicare Advantage Plans in 2008–2009
| Diabetes | Hypertension | CHD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VA‐Only Use | Dual VA–MA Use | VA‐Only Use | Dual VA–MA Use | VA‐Only Use | Dual VA–MA Use | |
| n | 696 | 696 | 921 | 921 | 382 | 382 |
| Agea | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 66.4 (6.5) | 66.1 (7.3) | 71.0 (8.5) | 70.6 (9.3) | 67.7 (5.8) | 66.9 (6.3) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male (%) | 98.3 | 98.3 | 98.1 | 98.1 | 99.0 | 99.0 |
| Female (%) | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Racea | ||||||
| White (%) | 77.9 | 80.6 | 78.3 | 80.1 | 85.1 | 86.4 |
| Black (%) | 18.4 | 15.1 | 18.6 | 14.8 | 10.7 | 10.0 |
| Other (%) | 3.7 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 3.6 |
| Regiona | ||||||
| Northeast (%) | 17.0 | 15.2 | 15.2 | 15.4 | 16.2 | 14.7 |
| Midwest (%) | 25.1 | 23.6 | 29.1 | 20.4 | 26.4 | 22.5 |
| South (%) | 31.9 | 38.2 | 30.3 | 36.1 | 29.9 | 38.7 |
| West (%) | 26.0 | 23.0 | 25.4 | 28.1 | 27.5 | 24.1 |
| Medicaid and special needs plan enrollment | ||||||
| Enrolled in Medicaid (%) | 1.9 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 |
| Enrolled in SNP (%) | 9.0 | 9.0 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 7.6 |
| VA enrollment priority statusb | ||||||
| High priority—Groups 1–6 (%) | 19.9 | 25.0 | 76.2 | 75.4 | 75.9 | 73.3 |
| Low priority—Groups 7–8 (%) | 80.2 | 75.0 | 23.8 | 24.6 | 24.1 | 26.7 |
| Number of comorbid conditionsc | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.1 (2.4) | 5.1 (2.3) | 4.3 (2.4) | 4.3 (2.4) | 5.1 (2.7) | 4.8 (2.3) |
| Comorbid conditions | ||||||
| AIDS (%) | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
| Alchohol abuse (%) | 7.2 | 7.0 | 9.7 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 6.5 |
| Blood loss anemia (%) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.5 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease (%)c | 27.9 | 30.2 | 30.9 | 29.8 | 38.3 | 31.2 |
| Coagulopathy (%) | 4.6 | 5.3 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 7.1 |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 17.0 | 17.1 | 16.1 | 16.0 | 25.9 | 24.4 |
| Deficiency anemia (%) | 21.6 | 21.7 | 22.6 | 22.5 | 19.4 | 18.3 |
| Depression (%)c | 26.4 | 27.3 | 24.5 | 23.9 | 28.8 | 22.0 |
| Diabetes—complicated (%) | 48.0 | 47.6 | 21.3 | 21.5 | 21.7 | 23.3 |
| Diabetes—uncomplicated (%) | 98.0 | 96.3 | 44.5 | 44.1 | 45.3 | 48.7 |
| Drug abuse (%) | 4.0 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 1.8 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorder (%) | 15.8 | 16.2 | 16.6 | 15.1 | 15.7 | 14.9 |
| Hypertension—complicated (%) | 93.1 | 93.5 | 97.5 | 97.6 | 90.1 | 92.4 |
| Hypothyroidism (%) | 9.3 | 9.3 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 9.2 | 9.7 |
| Liver disease (%) | 3.3 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 1.3 |
| Lymphoma (%) | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
| Metastatic cancer (%) | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
| Myocardial infarction (%)b , c | 9.8 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 67.8 | 59.7 |
| Neurological disorder (%) | 6.5 | 5.5 | 6.8 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 5.5 |
| Obesity (%) | 47.6 | 48.7 | 31.3 | 32.4 | 34.8 | 33.0 |
| Paralysis (%) | 3.2 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 3.1 |
| Peripheral vascular disorder (%) | 18.2 | 17.5 | 18.9 | 18.0 | 23.8 | 23.8 |
| Psychoses (%) | 20.1 | 19.8 | 16.3 | 16.5 | 16.0 | 14.7 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorder (%) | 1.4 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 3.1 |
| Renal failure (%) | 5.2 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 4.2 | 3.9 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (%) | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| Tumor—without metastasis (%) | 12.6 | 14.5 | 17.2 | 17.7 | 13.1 | 14.7 |
| Ulcer (%) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Valvular disease (%) | 5.0 | 4.7 | 7.0 | 8.5 | 10.2 | 6.5 |
| Weight loss (%) | 2.6 | 3.0 | 5.4 | 4.5 | 3.1 | 3.4 |
| Distance from zip code to VAa | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 11.5 (11.3) | 12.9 (12.1) | 10.5 (10.0) | 12.0 (10.7) | 12.1 (11.3) | 13.1 (11.5) |
| Proportion of persons >65 with some college education in zip code | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 29.3 (12.9) | 29.4 (12.8) | 30.4 (13.4) | 30.0 (13.3) | 30.0 (12.3) | 30.3 (13.2) |
| Median household income for persons 65–74 in zip code | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | $29,332 ($9,221) | $29,466 ($8,740) | $29,859 ($9,464) | $29,535 ($8,725) | $29,689 ($8,658) | $29,818 ($8,660) |
| Median household income for persons >75 in zip code | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | $21,559 ($7,505) | $21,570 ($7,623) | $21,812 ($7,277) | $21,664 ($6,836) | $21,580 ($6,283) | $22,008 ($7,416) |
| Propensity score | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) |
Individuals with more than one of the chronic conditions of interest were included in all relevant matched cohorts.
a
p‐value for difference in hypertension cohort <.05.
b
p‐value for difference in CHD cohort <.05.
c
p‐value for difference in diabetes cohort <.05.