Table 1.
Results of State Fixed Effects Regression on Average Number of Nurse Practitioner (NP) and Physician Assistant (PA) Visits per Nursing Home Bed Year in Each State and Average Number of Unique NP and PA Providers Per Facility in Each State Per Year. The Relationship of States' Scope of Practice Regulations for NPs and PAs and Volume of Visits and Providers Is Tested
| Coefficient | Standard Error | p‐value | Coefficient | Standard Error | p‐value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nurse practitioner visits per bed year (Model 1) | Physician assistant visits per bed year (Model 2) | ||||||
| Physician (MD) required involvement in NP's practice | 0.64 | 0.20 | .00 | ||||
| NPs allowed to prescribe some controlled substances | −0.14 | 0.23 | .55 | PAs allowed to prescribe some controlled substances | −0.13 | 0.05 | .01 |
| NPs allowed to prescribe medications | 0.34 | 0.12 | .01 | ||||
| NP requires master's degree in nursing | −0.12 | 0.13 | .35 | PA requires bachelor's/master's degree | −0.11 | 0.06 | .07 |
| No. of primary care MD visits per bed | 0.26 | 0.04 | .00 | No. of primary care MD visits per bed | 0.02 | 0.01 | .09 |
| No. of other MD visits per bed | −0.44 | 0.09 | .00 | No. of other MD visits per bed | 0.05 | 0.02 | .04 |
| No. of unique primary care MDs/facility | 0.27 | 0.12 | .03 | No. of unique primary care MDs/facility | 0.08 | 0.03 | .03 |
| No. of unique other MDs/facility | −0.18 | 0.21 | .39 | No. of unique other MDs/facility | −0.10 | 0.06 | .11 |
| Year | 0.36 | 0.03 | .00 | Year | 0.04 | 0.01 | .00 |
| Average RUG case mix index | −14.91 | 2.89 | .00 | Average RUG case mix index | 0.43 | 0.51 | .40 |
| Total NH beds | 0.00 | 0.00 | .42 | Total NH beds | 0.00 | 0.00 | .00 |
| Average no. of nurse practitioners per NH (Model 3) | Average no. of physician assistants per NH (Model 4) | ||||||
| MD required involvement in NP's practice | 0.02 | 0.02 | .19 | ||||
| NPs allowed to prescribe some controlled substances | −0.02 | 0.03 | .46 | PAs allowed to prescribe some controlled substances | −0.01 | 0.01 | .29 |
| NPs allowed to prescribe medications | 0.00 | 0.01 | .95 | ||||
| NP requires master's degree in nursing | −0.03 | 0.01 | .02 | PA requires bachelor's/master's degree | 0.00 | 0.02 | .97 |
| No. of primary care MD visits per bed | 0.02 | 0.01 | .03 | No. of primary care MD visits per bed | 0.00 | 0.00 | .24 |
| No. of other MD visits per bed | −0.04 | 0.01 | .00 | No. of other MD visits per bed | 0.01 | 0.01 | .02 |
| No. of unique primary care MDs/facility | 0.10 | 0.01 | .00 | No. of unique primary careMDs/facility | 0.04 | 0.01 | .00 |
| No. of unique nonprimary care MDs/facility | 0.00 | 0.02 | .83 | No. of unique nonprimary care MDs/facility | −0.01 | 0.02 | .53 |
| Year | 0.04 | 0.00 | .00 | Year | 0.00 | 0.00 | .19 |
| Average RUG case mix index | −0.90 | 0.30 | .00 | Average RUG case mix index | 0.33 | 0.13 | .01 |
| Total NH beds | 0.00 | 0.00 | .35 | Total NH beds | 0.00 | 0.00 | .61 |