Table 3.

Relationship between EHR Adoption and Hospital Outcomes: Pre (2008/2009) and Post (2010/2011) Meaningful Use

	Process Compositea	Patient Satisfaction Compositeb	Efficiencyc
EHR adoption×2008 and 2009	0.0672	0.0259	0.0810***
EHR adoption×2010 and 2011	0.218***	0.196***	−0.0541**
Hospital fixed effects	Included	Included	Included
Hospital covariates	Included	Included	Included
Observationsd	10,153	9,328	11,363
F‐test (p‐value) comparing
2008/2009 to 2010/2011	7.44 (0.0064)	26.06 (<0.001)	22.83 (<0.001)

Covariates include hospital case mix index, market share, size, teaching status, system membership, network membership, ownership, year, and hospital fixed effects. Standard errors are clustered at the hospital level.

^aThe Process measure is a composite of 10 process measures drawn from CMS's Hospital Compare data that have been log‐transformed to reduce skew and standardized.

^bPatient satisfaction is a composite of the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems, including measures of Communication with Nurses, Communication with Doctors, Responsiveness of Hospital Staff, Pain Management, Cleanliness and Quietness of Hospital Environment, Communication about Medicines, Discharge Information, and Overall Rating of Hospital.

^cEfficiency is measured as the total expenditures per adjusted patient day.

^dThe number of observations for each model varies due to the number of respondents to each outcome measure.

***p < .01, **p < .05. All reported years correspond to the year of EHR adoption, which lags one year behind the outcome year.