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. 2013 Feb;143(2):554–565. doi: 10.1378/chest.12-0731

Table 2.

—Prevalence and Symptoms of Insomnia in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease

Authors/Year Insomnia Definition Measures Sample Results
Taylor et al12/2007 Research diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia (consistent with DSM-IV criteria) Sleep diary for 14 d; health survey 772 community-dwelling individuals in Tennessee contacted through stratified random sampling. Sampled at a rate of 50 men and 50 women for each decade of life from 20 to ≥80 y Hypertension: 44% met criteria for insomnia; 43% of patients with insomnia had hypertension. Heart disease: 44% met criteria for insomnia; 22% of patients with insomnia had heart disease.
Redeker et al33/2010 Difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep or waking too early; frequency of problem often or almost always Sleep Habits Questionnaire; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index 173 patients with stable heart failure from the northeastern United States. Mean age, 60.3 y; 65% men Fifty-one percent of sample met insomnia definition (47% maintaining sleep, 42% falling asleep, 24% waking too early). No effect of demographic or medical characteristics was found.
Cross et al34/2010 Not defined Actigraphy; self-report diary 30 patients with ICDs; 30 patients with CAD. Mean age, 66.9 y; 61.5% men Both groups had an average of >31 min of self-report sleep onset latency; patients with ICDs averaged >31 min of self-report wake after sleep onset. Both groups had an average of >31 min of actigraphic wake after sleep onset; patients with CAD averaged >31 min on actigraphic sleep onset latency.
Budhiraja et al32/2011 DSM-IV criteria for insomnia Self-report sleep questionnaire; polysomnography 3,247 community-dwelling adults in Michigan with a variety of comorbid medical conditions. Mean age, 41.7 y; 49.2% men Hypertension: 24.7% met criteria for insomnia; 42.4% had a sleep efficiency <25th percentile of healthy individuals. Heart disease: 26.8% met criteria for insomnia; 62.8% had a sleep efficiency <25th percentile of healthy individuals.

CAD = coronary artery disease; DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; ICD = implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.