Table 5. Bim in Liver Pathophysiology.

Apoptotic Stimulus	Remarks	References
Acetaminophen-induced liver damage	• Acetaminophen (paracetamol) induced Bim expression in hepatocytes through a JNK-dependent manner. • Bim-deficient mice were protected from acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	[464]
Hepatocyte lipoapoptosis	• Free saturated fatty acids induce lipoapoptosis of hepatocytes through FoxO3a-dependent Bim upregulation and JNK-mediated Bim activation. • Free fatty acids induce the expression of PP2A responsible for FoxO3a activation. • Palmitic acid induces degradation of Keap-1, resulting in JNK-mediated upregulation of Bim.	[466, 467, 469]
Inflammation-induced hepatocyte apoptosis	• Overactivation of the immune system can lead to apoptotic death of hepatocytes that is mediated by TNFα-induced JNK-mediated activation of Bim and caspase 8-mediated activation of Bid.	[468]
Virus-induced hepatitis	• Bim is involved in the elimination of liver-activated virus-specific T cells following HBV/HCV and LCMV infections. • LCMV leads to persistence of cytotoxic T cells that induce hepatocyte apoptosis by a Bim-dependent mechanism. • Bim−/− hepatocytes showed reduced sensitivity to T cell-induced apoptosis. • Bim is upregulated in HBV-specific CD8+ T cells from patients with chronic HBV infection, leading to early contraction of the immune response.	[353, 472, 474, 475]