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Possible mechanisms of action of surfactant vesicles for dermal and transdermal applications: (A) drug molecules are released by niosomes; (B) niosome constituents act as penetration enhancer; (C) niosome adsorption and/or fusion with stratum corneum; (D) intact niosome penetration through the intact skin; (E) niosome penetration through hair follicles and/or pilosebaceous units. (Reprinted from [46] with permission. Copyright 2014 Elsevier).
