TABLE 1—
Description of Study Population: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, England, 2012–2013
| % or Mean (95% CI) |
||||
| Characteristic | No. | Bus Pass Holders | Non–Bus Pass Holders | P |
| Overall | 4650 | 86.3 (85.3, 87.3) | ||
| Age, y | ||||
| 62–69 | 2177 | 83.0 (81.4, 84.6) | < .001a | |
| 70–79 | 1832 | 89.4 (87.9, 90.8) | ||
| ≥ 80 | 641 | 88.9 (86.5, 91.4) | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 2559 | 89.1 (87.9, 90.3) | < .001a | |
| Male | 2091 | 82.9 (81.3, 84.5) | ||
| Wealth, quintiles | ||||
| Lowest | 613 | 86.0 (83.2, 88.7) | < .001a | |
| 2nd | 808 | 89.9 (87.8, 91.9) | ||
| 3rd | 1084 | 88.8 (87.0, 90.7) | ||
| 4th | 1067 | 87.4 (85.3, 89.3) | ||
| Highest | 1078 | 80.3 (78.0, 82.7) | ||
| Labor market status | ||||
| Paid work | 636 | 73.1 (69.7, 76.6) | < .001a | |
| Retired | 3747 | 88.8 (87.8, 89.8) | ||
| Other | 267 | 83.5 (79.0, 88.0) | ||
| Car access | ||||
| Yes | 4025 | 85.0 (83.9, 86.1) | < .001a | |
| No | 625 | 94.9 (93.1, 96.6) | ||
| Activities of daily living | ||||
| None | 3919 | 86.5 (85.4, 87.6) | .411a | |
| ≥ 1 | 731 | 85.4 (82.8, 87.9) | ||
| Mobility difficulties | ||||
| None | 1986 | 85.6 (84.1, 87.1) | .383a | |
| 1–3 | 1722 | 87.2 (85.6, 88.7) | ||
| 4–10 | 942 | 86.3 (84.1, 88.5) | ||
| Physical activity | ||||
| Sedentary or low | 935 | 85.2 (83.0, 87.5) | .281a | |
| Some moderate or vigorous | 3715 | 86.6 (85.5, 87.7) | ||
| Used public transportation at each frequency | ||||
| Bus use, among bus pass holders | ||||
| Never | 1534 | 38.2 (36.7, 39.7) | . . . | . . . |
| 1–5/mo | 1177 | 29.3 (27.9, 30.7) | . . . | |
| ≥ 6/mo | 1303 | 32.5 (31.0, 33.9) | . . . | |
| Public transportation use | ||||
| Never | 1143 | 17.9 (16.7, 19.1) | 66.8 (63.2, 70.5) | < .001b |
| 1–5/mo | 2421 | 55.4 (53.8, 56.9) | 31.3 (27.7, 34.9) | |
| ≥ 6/mo | 1086 | 26.8 (25.4, 28.1) | 1.9 (0.8, 2.9) | |
| BMI, waist circumference, or gait speed | ||||
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
| Female | 2559 | 28.0 (27.8, 28.3) | 29.1 (28.4, 29.9) | .001c |
| Male | 2091 | 28.0 (27.8, 28.2) | 28.3 (27.8, 28.7) | .305c |
| Mean waist circumference, cm | ||||
| Female | 2559 | 91.5 (91.0, 92.3) | 94.5 (92.8, 96.2) | < .001c |
| Male | 2091 | 102.0 (101.5, 102.6) | 102.6 (101.4, 103.8) | .361c |
| Mean gait speed, m/s | ||||
| Female | 2559 | 0.87 (0.86, 0.88) | 0.83 (0.79, 0.87) | .068c |
| Male | 2091 | 0.92 (0.90, 0.93) | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99) | .007c |
Note. BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval.
a
χ2 test testing whether there are differences in the proportion of people holding a bus pass in each category.
b
χ2 test testing whether there are differences in the public transport use of bus pass holders compared with nonholders.
c
t test testing whether there are differences in the BMI, waist circumference, or gait speed of bus pass holders compared with nonholders.