Table I.
Clinicopathologic characteristics of cohort
| Characteristic | Total (n = 25,511) | Resident participation (n = 21,857) | No resident participation (n = 3,654) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, median (IQR) | 62 (53, 62) | 63 (53, 63) | 62 (52, 62) | .002 |
| Male gender | 12,326 (48.4) | 10,609 (48.6) | 1717 (47.1) | .08 |
| Race | <.001 | |||
| White | 18,923 (78.4) | 16,157 (78.2) | 2,766 (79.2) | |
| Black | 2,238 (9.3) | 2,012 (9.7) | 226 (6.5) | |
| Hispanic | 1,924 (8.0) | 1,660 (8.0) | 264 (7.6) | |
| Other | 826 (4.0) | 236 (6.8) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||
| IDDM | 2,138 (8.4) | 1,810 (8.3) | 328 (9.0) | .27 |
| Smoking | 5,033 (19.7) | 4,317 (19.8) | 716 (19.6) | .83 |
| Alcohol | 748 (3.0) | 654 (3.0) | 94 (2.6) | .22 |
| Hypertension | 12,876 (50.5) | 11,017 (50.4) | 1,859 (50.9) | .60 |
| End-stage renal disease | 106 (0.4) | 87 (0.4) | 19 (0.5) | .29 |
| Disseminated cancer | 4,189 (16.4) | 3,615 (16.6) | 574 (15.7) | .21 |
| Ascites | 253 (0.1) | 204 (0.9) | 49 (1.3) | .02 |
| Preoperative transfusion | 168 (0.6) | 121 (0.6) | 47 (1.3) | <.001 |
| Preoperative chemotherapy | 1,394 (5.5) | 1,261 (5.8) | 133 (3.7) | <.001 |
| Sepsis | 145 (0.6) | 113 (0.5) | 32 (0.9) | <.001 |
| ASA class | .14 | |||
| 1/2 | 8,380 (32.9) | 7,190 (32.9) | 1,370 (32.6) | |
| 3/4 | 17,093 (67.1) | 14,635 (67.0) | 2,458 (67.3) | |
| Emergency case | 297 (1.2) | 226 (1.0) | 71 (1.9) | <.001 |
| Pancreas resection | 16,045 (62.9) | 13,756 (62.9) | 2,289 (62.6) | .74 |
| Liver resection | 9,466 (37.1) | 8,101 (37.1) | 1, 365 (37.4) | .74 |
| Highest resident participant | 39 (17.4) | 15 (13.5) | 22 (21.0) | |
| Junior (PGY 1/2) | 710 (3.2) | N/A | ||
| Senior (PGY ≥3) | 21, 147 (96.8) | N/A | ||
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; IDDM, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; IQR, interquartile range; PGY, postgraduate year.