Table V.
Adjusted* HRs for children with selected birth defects by survival age, birth defect category and maternal race/ethnicity based on pooled data from 12 state birth defects surveillance programs, National Birth Defects Prevention Network, 1999-2007
| Neonatal period (<28 d)‡ |
Postneonatal infancy period (28 d to <1 y)‡ |
Childhood (1 to ≤8 y)§ |
Overall childhood (≤8 y)§ |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth defects† | NHB | Hispanic | A/PI | AI/AN | NHB | Hispanic | A/PI | AI/AN | NHB | Hispanic | A/PI | AI/AN | NHB | Hispanic | A/PI | AI/AN |
| Central nervous system defects | ||||||||||||||||
| Spina bifida without anencephalus | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 3.4¶ | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
| Encephalocele | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 4.8¶ | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 2.6¶ | 2.8¶ |
| Congenital heart defects | ||||||||||||||||
| Common truncus | 1.5 | 1.7¶ | 0.9 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 19.7¶ | 1.2 | 1.6¶ | 1.1 | 2.0 |
| Transposition of great arteries | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 2.1¶ | 1.5¶ | 1.1 | 2.3 | 2.6¶ | 1.4 | 3.6¶ | 3.8 | 1.6¶ | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.8¶ | 1.7¶ | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 2.4¶ | 1.1 | 1.4¶ | 1.4¶ | 1.6¶ | 1.3 |
| AVSD | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.6¶ | 1.7¶ | 1.6 | 3.5¶ | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 1.5¶ | 1.5¶ | 1.8¶ | 1.8 |
| AVSD (without Down syndrome) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 1.3¶ | 1.6¶ | 1.4 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 1.3¶ | 1.3¶ | 1.6¶ | 1.5 |
| Aortic valve stenosis | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 3.3¶ | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 1.5¶ | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.6¶ | 1.3 | 1.3¶ | 1.3¶ | 0.8 | 1.3 | 2.0¶ | 1.3 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.6 |
| Coarctation of aorta | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.8¶ | 1.2 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 2.3¶ | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.5¶ | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
| Oral clefts | ||||||||||||||||
| Cleft palate without cleft lip | 1.2 | 1.4¶ | 1.0 | 0.3 | 1.9¶ | 1.7¶ | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 1.4¶ | 1.4¶ | 1.1 | 0.5 |
| Cleft lip with or without cleft palate | 1.2 | 1.2¶ | 0.5¶ | 1.2 | 2.4¶ | 1.5¶ | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 2.1 | 1.3¶ | 1.3¶ | 0.6¶ | 1.1 |
| Gastrointestinal defects | ||||||||||||||||
| Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula | 1.9¶ | 1.6¶ | 1.6 | 0.5 | 2.8¶ | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 2.0¶ | 1.4¶ | 1.3 | 1.2 |
| Pyloric stenosis | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.2 |
| Rectal and large intestinal atresia/stenosis | 1.1 | 1.3¶ | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.6¶ | 1.5¶ | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 9.0¶ | 1.4¶ | 1.4¶ | 1.2 | 1.5 |
| Musculoskeletal defects | ||||||||||||||||
| Upper limb deficiencies | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 2.1¶ | 1.7¶ | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| Lower limb deficiencies | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.5¶ | 0.9 | 0.0 | 7.6 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
| Diaphragmatic hernia | 1.2 | 0.8¶ | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.7¶ | 1.4¶ | 1.3 | 1.4 | 3.5¶ | 0.7 | 1.3 | 20.4¶ | 1.4¶ | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
| Gastroschisis | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.7 |
| Omphalocele | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 4.1 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| Chromosomal defects | ||||||||||||||||
| Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.9¶ | 1.2 | 1.5 | 2.5¶ | 1.9¶ | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.4¶ | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.4 |
*
Adjusted for: birth weight and gestational age, maternal age, birth period, and state surveillance program; NHW was used as the reference group.
†
Children with 2 or more birth defects may be counted in multiple categories.
‡
Children born in 1999-2007 from all 12 states.
§
Children born in 1999-2005 from 10 states; data from Illinois and Nebraska were excluded because no vital status data beyond infancy were available.
¶
Statistically significant; P < .05.