Table 4.
GEE Results Showing Correlates of the Perceptionthat Female Smoking is Acceptable
| Variables | Female smoking is acceptable(%)a |
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total observations used in analysis (n) = 14540 | |||
| Sociodemographic Variables | |||
| Gender | <.001 | ||
| Male | 33.8 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Female | 63.8 | 4.37 (3.03 to 6.31)* | |
| Age (years) | .040 | ||
| 18–24 | 32.0 | 0.97 (0.64 to 1.48) | |
| 25–39 | 36.8 | 1.28 (1.07 to 1.53)* | |
| 40–54 | 36.4 | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.28) | |
| 55+ | 32.4 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| City | <.001 | ||
| Beijing | 39.3 | 1.09 (0.86 to 1.39) | |
| Shenyang | 41.0 | 1.10 (0.91 to 1.32) | |
| Shanghai | 36.3 | 0.91 (0.65 to 1.28) | |
| Changhsa | 33.0 | 0.65 (0.50 to 0.85)* | |
| Guangzhou | 25.6 | 0.53 (0.37 to 0.76)* | |
| Kunming | 33.4 | 0.68 (0.52 to 0.89)* | |
| Yinchuan | 35.4 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Education | .426 | ||
| Low | 35.7 | 0.91 (0.73 to 1.12) | |
| Moderate | 35.0 | 0.91 (0.79 to 1.05) | |
| High | 34.5 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Income | .023 | ||
| Low | 37.4 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Moderate | 34.2 | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.11) | |
| High | 33.2 | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.08) | |
| No information | 37.8 | 1.14 (0.90 to 1.45) | |
| General Perception Variables | |||
| Overall opinion of smoking | <.001 | ||
| Good/Very good | 46.6 | 1.28 (1.06 to 1.54)* | |
| Neither | 39.6 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Bad/very bad | 30.1 | 0.68 (0.63 to 0.75)* | |
| Smoking is a sign of sophistication | <.001 | ||
| Agree/strongly agree | 47.7 | 2.57 (2.13 to 3.11)* | |
| Neither | 27.7 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Disagree/strongly disagree | 30.5 | 1.28 (1.08 to 1.52)* | |
| Society’s view of smoking | <.001 | ||
| Society supports smoking | 41.7 | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.23) | |
| Neither | 39.7 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Society disapproves of smoking | 31.5 | 0.71 (0.65 to 0.78)* | |
| Close others view of your smoking | <.001 | ||
| Disagree that others don’t want me to smoke | 41.4 | 1.11 (0.89 to 1.37) | |
| Neither | 37.5 | 1.00 (reference) | |
| Agree that others don’t want me to smoke | 33.8 | 0.86 (0.71 to 1.03) | |
Notes: All odds ratios are adjusted for all other covariates in the model.
*
denotes statistically significant odds ratio (at the p=.05 level) compared to the reference category. Wave was included in this analysis and was significant (p=.032); results were presented in Table 3. Time in Sample was also controlled for and was not significant (p=.286).
a
The percentages for the perception that female smoking is acceptable presented in this table are not adjusted for other predictors in the model. They represent the percentage of respondents within that category who agreed or strongly agreed that female smoking is acceptable.