Table 2.
Newborn and Pregnancy Outcome Data
| Parameter (Units) | GDM by Carpenter-Coustan (n=338) | IADPSG (n=281) | Normal Glucose Tolerance (n=772) | Normal Glucose Screening (n=6,999) | Normal Glucose Tolerance and Normal Glucose Screening* (n=7,771) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50-g glucose screen (mg/dL) | 160.0 | 152.3 | 148.2 | 101.1 | 105.6 |
| P | <.001 | Reference | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Gestational age at delivery (wk) | 38.63 | 39.09 | 39.25 | 39.22 | 39.25 |
| P | <.001 | Reference | .265 | .147 | .076 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3,288 | 3,411 | 3,310 | 3,233 | 3,240 |
| P | .005 | Reference | .01 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Birth weight z-score | 0.330 | 0.477 | 0.209 | 0.043 | 0.059 |
| P | .304 | Reference | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| LGA (%) | 16.0 | 19.9 | 13.6 | 8.3 | 8.8 |
| P | .200 | Reference | .012 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Macrosomia, 4,000 g or greater (%) | 5.9 | 9.6 | 7.3 | 4.5 | 5.0 |
| P | .084 | Reference | .210 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Ponderal Index (g/cm3) | 2.778 | 2.786 | 2.754 | 2.718 | 2.722 |
| P | 1 | Reference | .775 | .018 | .014 |
| NICU admission (%) | 5.3 | 8.5 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.7 |
| P | .113 | Reference | .215 | .250 | .236 |
| 1-min Apgar score less than 7 (%) | 8.0 | 8.5 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 7.8 |
| P | .803 | Reference | .397 | .710 | .667 |
| 5-min Apgar score less than 7 (%) | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.52 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
| P† | 1 | Reference | 1 | .186 | .267 |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension (%) | 6.8 | 8.2 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 |
| P | .514 | Reference | .334 | .221 | .223 |
| Spontaneous vaginal delivery (%) | 61.2 | 68.7 | 69.4 | 74.3 | 73.8 |
| P | .054 | Reference | .816 | .037 | .057 |
| Vaginal delivery total (%) | 64.2 | 70.8 | 72.4 | 77.0 | 76.6 |
| P | .081 | Reference | .611 | .016 | .026 |
| Primary cesarean delivery (%) | 19.5 | 17.8 | 14.8 | 13.7 | 13.8 |
| P | .582 | Reference | .231 | .053 | .059 |
| Repeat cesarean delivery (%) | 16.3 | 11.4 | 12.8 | 9.3 | 9.6 |
| P | .082 | Reference | .532 | .229 | .323 |
| Cesarean delivery total (%) | 35.8 | 29.2 | 27.6 | 23.0 | 23.4 |
| P | .081 | Reference | .611 | .016 | .026 |
| Shoulder dystocia (%) | 1.2 | 0.71 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.84 |
| P† | .694 | Reference | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Postpartum hemorrhage (%) | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
| P† | 1 | Reference | 1 | .575 | .579 |
| 3rd-degree perineal laceration (%) | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| P† | .361 | Reference | .771 | .801 | .801 |
| 4th-degree perineal laceration (%) | 0 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
| P† | .454 | Reference | 1 | .424 | .434 |
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IADPSG, The International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups; LGA, large for gestational age; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.
Less than 135 mg/dL who did not have a 100-g oral glucose tolerance test.
Fisher’s exact test P value.
Data are mean unless otherwise specified.
P values shown for continuous variables are post hoc analysis of variance with the Tahmane method for multiple comparisons with IADPSGas as reference (four-group analysis of variance was used for Carpenter-Coustan, IADPSG, normal glucose tolerance, and normal glucose screening columns, and a three-group analysis of variance was used for the normal glucose tolerance+normal glucose screening column).
P values for categorical variables are χ2 unless otherwise noted.