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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Aspects Med. 2015 Jan 28;42:61–77. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.01.003

FIG. 2.

FIG. 2

The time course of IRS-1 activation by insulin in liver of rats exposed to either full amplitude insulin pulses, diminished pulses (to mimic T2DM), or constant insulin for up to 10 minutes. After portal vein infusion of these insulin patterns, livers were biopsied and IRS-1 activation was analyzed by immunoprecipitation with IRS-1 antibody, followed by immunoblotting with pY or p85/PI3K antibodies. Full amplitude insulin pulses potentiated insulin signaling in the liver, as evidenced by increases in pY-IRS-1 and p85-IRS-1. Similar results were obtained for IRS-2 activation (not shown). Statistics were ANOVA followed by Fisher’s post hoc test; p<0.05 was deemed significant. Reprinted from [37] with permission of Diabetes.