Table 1.
Approaches to functional in vivo characterization of biomaterial scaffolds for cardiac repair.
| Publication | Scaffold material |
Seeded cells (Species) | Cardiac animal model (Species) |
In vivo functional assessment |
In vivo timepoints (days post-implant) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leor et al [90] |
Lyophilized alginate hydrogel |
Fetal cardiomyocytes (Rat) |
Coronary artery occlusion (Rat) |
Echocardiography (FS, LVWT, LVID) |
65 ± 5 |
| Zimmerman et al [92] |
Rat type I collagen and Matrigel® hydrogel |
Neonatal cardiomyocytes (Rat) |
Unmodified (Rat) | Echocardiography (FAC, FS, HR, LVWT, LVID) |
14 and 28 |
| Matsub- ayashi et al [101] |
PCLA sponge | Aortic smooth muscle cells (Rat) |
LAD coronary artery occlusion (Rat) |
Echocardiography (FAC, LVA) | 7, 21, 35, and 56 |
| Chang et al [102] |
Porous acellular bovine pericardium |
None | Transmural defect in right ventricle (Rat) |
Epicardial electrogram | 28 |
| Kellar et al [103] |
VICRYL® mesh | Dermal fibroblasts (Human) |
LAD coronary artery occlusion(Mouse) |
Conductance catheter with distal electrode (CO, EF, HR, LVV, SV, SW, LVP, SW, elastance, end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship) |
14 |
| Kochupura et al [104] |
Porcine urinary bladder ECM |
None | Full thickness right ventricle free wall patch excision (Dog) |
Conductance catheter (HR, RVP) High density mapping (DS, RR, SAC) |
56 |
| Gaballa et al [105] |
Porcine type I collagen foam |
None | LV free wall injury via cryoprobe (Rat) |
Conductance catheter (AP, LVID, LVOD, LVP) |
42 |
| Zimmerman et al [94] |
Rat type I collagen and Matrigel® hydrogel |
Neonatal cardiomyocytes (Rat) |
LAD coronary artery occlusion (Rat) |
Echocardiography (FAS, FS, HR, LVV, LVWT, PV Loop Analysis) |
28 |
| Fujimoto et al [106] |
Polyester urethane urea |
None | LAD coronary artery occlusion (Rat) |
Echocardiography (FAC, LVA) | 28, 56 |
| Piao et al [107] |
Poly-glycolide- co-caprolactone (PGCL) |
Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (Rat) |
LAD coronary artery occlusion (Rat) |
Echocardiography (FS, LVID, LVP, LVWT ) |
28 |
| Simpson et al [108] |
Rat type I collagen hydrogel |
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Human) |
LAD coronary artery occlusion (Rat) |
Echocardiography (FS, L/S, LVID, LVWT) |
2–3, 28 |
| Potapova et al [109] |
Porcine urinary bladder ECM |
Mesenchymal stem cells (Human) |
Full thickness right ventricle free wall patch excision (Dog) |
Conductance catheter (HR, RVP) High density mapping (DS, RR, SAC, SW) |
56 |
| Dvir et al [98] |
Alginate-sulfate/ alginate |
Neonatal cardiomyocytes (Rat) |
LAD coronary artery occlusion (Rat) |
Echocardiography (FAC, FS, LV-ID) |
28 |
| Chen et al [83] |
PGS | Stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (Human) |
Unmodified (Rat) | Conductance catheter (dP/dt Max, EF, LVP) |
14 |
| Habib et al [100] |
PF | Neonatal cardiomyocytes (Rat), Stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (Human) |
LAD coronary artery occlusion (Rat) |
Echocardiography (FS, LVID, WM) |
30 |
AP, arterial pressure; CO, cardiac output; dP/dt Max, maximum rate of increase in ventricular pressure; DS, diastolic shear; EF, ejection fraction; FAC, fractional area change; FAS, fractional area shortening; FS, fractional shortening; L/S, major axis/minor axis ratio; LAD, left anterior descending (coronary artery); LVA, left ventricle area; LVID, left ventricle inner diameter; LVOD, left ventricle outer diameter; LVP, left ventricle pressure; LVV, left ventricle volume; LVWT, left ventricle wall thickness; RR, recoil rate; RVP, right ventricle pressure; SAC, systolic area contraction; SV, stroke volume; SW, stroke work; WM, wall motion.