Table 2.

Association between exposure to lithium and risk of upper urinary tract cancer, specified by exposure pattern within the entire follow-up period, excluding the last year prior to the index date

Exposure group	Cases	Controls	Adjusted ORa	Adjusted ORb
Non-use	6453	257,978	1.0 (ref.)	1.0 (ref.)
Ever use	24	1102	0.9 (0.6–1.3)	0.9 (0.6–1.3)
Long-term use (≥5 years)	14	447	1.3 (0.7–2.1)	1.3 (0.8–2.2)
Duration of use:
<1 year	3	213	0.6 (0.2–1.8)	0.5 (0.2–1.7)
1–4.99 years	7	442	0.6 (0.3–1.3)	0.6 (0.3–1.4)
5–9.99 years	10	332	1.2 (0.6–2.3)	1.2 (0.7–2.3)
≥10 years	4	115	1.4 (0.5–3.8)	1.5 (0.5–4.0)

^aAdjusted for age and gender (by design; risk-set matching).

^bFully adjusted model, adjusted for (1) low-dose aspirin and non-aspirin NSAIDs, paracetamol, statins, thiazides, beta-blockers, vascular calcium-channel blockers, inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, and loop diuretics; (2) hypertension, type 1 or type 2 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alcohol-related disease, and moderate to severe renal disease; and (3) highest achieved education.