Table 3.
Associations between long-term exposure to lithium (≥5 years) and risk of upper urinary tract cancer, specified by patient subgroups, type of cancer and stage
| Subgroup | Cases exposed/unexposed | Controls exposed/unexposed | Adjusted ORa | Adjusted ORb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 14/6477 | 447/259,080 | 1.3 (0.7–2.1) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) |
| Males | 6/4184 | 240/167,360 | 1.0 (0.4–2.2) | 1.0 (0.5–2.3) |
| Females | 8/2293 | 207/91,720 | 1.5 (0.8–3.1) | 1.6 (0.8–3.3) |
| Age <50 years | 0/624 | 11/24,960 | — | — |
| Age 50–69 years | 6/3515 | 259/140,600 | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 1.0 (0.4–2.2) |
| Age 70+ years | 8/2338 | 177/93,520 | 1.8 (0.9–3.7) | 1.9 (0.9–3.9) |
| No history of renal disease | 14/6332 | 428/256,477 | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) |
| No history of hypertension | 13/5455 | 399/231,805 | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 1.5 (0.8–2.5) |
| No history of diabetes | 12/5770 | 404/237,180 | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) |
| Subtype | ||||
| Renal cancers | 11/5648 | 377/225,920 | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) |
| Renal pelvis and ureter cancers | 3/829 | 70/33,160 | 1.7 (0.5–5.5) | 1.7 (0.5–5.4) |
| Stage | ||||
| Localized | 10/3561 | 254/142,440 | 1.6 (0.8–3.0) | 1.6 (0.8–3.0) |
| Non-localized | 3/2254 | 148/90,160 | 0.8 (0.3–2.5) | 0.8 (0.3–2.6) |
| Unknown | 1/662 | 45/26,480 | 0.9 (0.1–6.5) | 0.9 (0.1–6.8) |
a
Adjusted for age and gender (by design).
b
Fully adjusted model, adjusted for (1) low-dose aspirin and non-aspirin NSAIDs, paracetamol, statins, thiazides, beta-blockers, vascular calcium-channel blockers, inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, and loop diuretics; (2) hypertension, type 1 or type 2 diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alcohol-related disease, and moderate to severe renal disease; and (3) highest achieved education.