Table 1. Clinical characteristics of participants by HbA1c level.
| Low (n = 8,651) | Middle (n = 3,865) | High (n = 2,156) | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 43.2 ± 15.6 | 53.2 ± 15.4 | 59.7 ± 12.6 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male, %) | 3,608 (41.7%) | 2,037 (44.0%) | 563 (40.6%) | 0.017 |
| HbA1c (%, mmol/mol) | 5.35 ± 0.22, 35 ± 2 | 5.82 ± 0.11, 40 ± 1 | 6.20 ± 0.11, 44 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.0 ± 3.2 | 24.0 ± 3.3 | 24.9 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.82 ± 0.19 | 0.84 ± 0.18 | 0.86 ± 0.37 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 78.3 ± 9.5 | 81.9 ± 9.3 | 84.6 ± 9.2 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 184.0 ± 33.7 | 196.8 ± 36.0 | 199.4 ± 39.8 | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 90.1 ± 7.9 | 95.3 ± 8.9 | 102.1 ± 10.2 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 115.3 ± 91.3 | 138.6 ± 105.1 | 152.4 ± 104.5 | <0.001 |
| High density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 54.6 ± 12.9 | 51.9 ± 11.9 | 49.6 ± 11.7 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 114.9 ± 15.8 | 120.0 ± 16.8 | 124.6 ± 17.0 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.8 ± 10.4 | 76.3 ± 10.3 | 77.0 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (%) | 3897 (45.0%) | 1,993 (45.2%) | 543 (40.9%) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 72 (0.8%) | 113 (2.4%) | 70 (5.0%) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular accident (%) | 65 (0.8%) | 87 (1.9%) | 45 (3.2%) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake | <0.001 | |||
| Abstinence | 1866 (21.6%) | 1,334 (28.8%) | 505 (36.4%) | |
| Moderate drinking | 6071 (70.2%) | 2,929 (63.2%) | 784 (56.5%) | |
| Heavy drinking | 382 (4.4%) | 147 (3.2%) | 39 (2.8%) | |
| Unknown | 332 (3.8%) | 224 (4.8%) | 59 (4.3%) | |
| Smoking | 0.004 | |||
| Non-smoker | 5190 (60.0%) | 2,616 (56.5%) | 806 (58.1%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 1490 (17.2%) | 897 (19.4%) | 265 (19.1%) | |
| Current smoker | 1653 (19.1%) | 902 (19.5%) | 257 (18.5%) | |
| Unknown | 318 (3.7%) | 219 (4.7%) | 59 (4.3%) | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 96.6 ± 18.0 | 91.0 ± 17.0 | 87.0 ± 17.2 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as numbers (percentages) for categorical variables and mean ± standard deviations for continuous variables.
*P values were tested by one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables and Pearson χ2 test or Fisher exact test for the categorical variables.