Table 1. Classification of 119 metabolites identified according to metabolic pathway and comparison of relative levels of metabolites between three groups.
| Metabolite | Control | TNF-α-stimulated | Curcumin + TNF-α-stimulated |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amine | |||
| 5ʹ-deoxy-5ʹ-methylthioadenosine | 1 ± 0.228 | 0.345 ± 0.042* | 0.973 ± 0.340 |
| adenosine | 1 ± 0.283 | 0.433 ± 0.053# | 1.227 ± 0.239* |
| guanine | 1 ± 0.059 | 0.492 ± 0.165* | 0.909 ± 0.107# |
| inosine | 1 ± 0.499 | 0.516 ± 0.316 | 1.004 ± 0.097 |
| methylamine NIST a | 1 ± 0.513 | 0.333 ± 0.102 | 0.683 ± 0.162# |
| O-phosphorylethanolamine | 1 ± 0.172 | 0.736 ± 0.029 | 1.171 ± 0.210# |
| spermidine | 1 ± 0.319* | 0.788 ± 0.559 | 2.321 ± 0.165# |
| thymine | 1 ± 0.367 | 0.662 ± 0.493 | 0.579 ± 0.155 |
| uracil | 1 ± 0.239 | 0.999 ± 0.107 | 0.814 ± 0.091 |
| xanthine | 1 ± 0.013 | 0.745 ± 0.037* | 0.682 ± 0.234 |
| citrulline | 1 ± 0.384 | 3.365 ± 0.263* | 0.883 ± 0.085* |
| cysteine | 1 ± 0.200* | 1.020 ± 0.210 | 2.333 ± 0.082* |
| hypoxanthine | 1 ± 0.691 | 1.917 ± 0.167 | 1.260 ± 0.097* |
| nicotinamide | 1 ± 0.111 | 1.513 ± 0.014# | 1.076 ± 0.151# |
| putrescine | 1 ± 0.219 | 1.644 ± 0.119# | 0.996 ± 0.093* |
| Amino acid | |||
| asparagine | 1 ± 0.148 | 0.604 ± 0.317 | 0.978 ± 0.127 |
| asparagine dehydrated | 1 ± 0.275 | 0.597 ± 0.136 | 0.750 ± 0.717 |
| aspartate | 1 ± 0.400# | 0.427 ± 0.044 | 2.715 ± 0.031* |
| β-alanine | 1 ± 0.166 | 0.649 ± 0.141# | 1.140 ± 0.178# |
| alanine | 1 ± 0.312 | 1.185 ± 0.329 | 1.046 ± 0.218 |
| glutamate | 1 ± 0.054* | 1.003 ± 0.024 | 2.381 ± 0.032* |
| glutamine | 1 ± 0.177 | 1.630 ± 0.099* | 1.183 ± 0.018# |
| glycine | 1 ± 0.162 | 1.354 ± 0.003# | 1.038 ± 0.051* |
| histidine | 1 ± 0.440 | 15.36 ± 2.694* | 3.308 ± 2.543* |
| isoleucine | 1 ± 0.178 | 2.155 ± 0.040* | 1.285 ± 0.016* |
| leucine | 1 ± 0.258 | 2.420 ± 0.177* | 1.526 ± 0.059* |
| lysine | 1 ± 0.147 | 1.814 ± 0.101* | 0.940 ± 0.027* |
| methionine | 1 ± 0.262 | 1.617 ± 0.351 | 0.798 ± 0.169# |
| N-methylalanine | 1 ± 0.206 | 1.212 ± 0.235 | 1.025 ± 0.269 |
| ornithine | 1 ± 0.309 | 1.928 ± 0.016# | 1.034 ± 0.100* |
| oxoproline | 1 ± 0.030 | 1.607 ± 0.005* | 1.046 ± 0.011* |
| phenylalanine | 1 ± 0.012* | 1.612 ± 0.078* | 0.942 ± 0.011* |
| proline | 1 ± 0.391# | 1.397 ± 0.140 | 1.997 ± 0.129* |
| serine | 1 ± 0.044* | 1.523 ± 0.018* | 1.125 ± 0.010* |
| threonine | 1 ± 0.031* | 1.691 ± 0.038* | 1.147 ± 0.018* |
| tryptophan | 1 ± 0.097 | 1.862 ± 0.057* | 1.049 ± 0.004* |
| tyrosine | 1 ± 0.064 | 2.096 ± 0.032* | 1.030 ± 0.017* |
| valine | 1 ± 0.146# | 2.201 ± 0.092* | 1.349 ± 0.066* |
| Fatty acid | |||
| 1-monopalmitin | 1 ± 0.340 | 0.193 ± 0.018# | 1.206 ± 0.041* |
| 2-ketoisocaproic acid | 1 ± 0.439 | 0.841 ± 0.195 | 0.801 ± 0.156 |
| arachidic acid | 1 ± 0.181 | 0.457 ± 0.076* | 0.847 ± 0.101* |
| arachidonic acid | 1 ± 0.190# | 0.347 ± 0.109* | 0.644 ± 0.057# |
| behenic acid | 1 ± 0.744 | 0.525 ± 0.051 | 0.386 ± 0.414 |
| capric acid | 1 ± 0.083* | 0.783 ± 0.386 | 1.277 ± 0.043 |
| fructose-6-phosphate | 1 ± 0.211 | 0.483 ±0.083# | 1.984 ±0.826# |
| heptadecanoic acid | 1 ± 0.258 | 0.466 ± 0.028 | 1.052 ± 0.088* |
| lauric acid | 1 ± 0.176 | 0.614 ± 0.027 | 0.760 ± 0.013* |
| lignoceric acid | 1 ± 0.232# | 0.478 ± 0.103# | 0.605 ± 0.033 |
| linoleic acid | 1 ± 0.273 | 0.629 ± 0.054 | 0.488 ± 0.039# |
| linolenic acid | 1 ± 0.402 | 0.476 ± 0.059 | 0.746 ± 0.067* |
| myristic acid | 1 ± 0.141 | 0.657 ± 0.011 | 1.058 ± 0.022* |
| octadecanol | 1 ± 0.035 | 0.523 ± 0.116* | 1.153 ± 0.152* |
| oleic acid | 1 ± 0.224 | 0.410 ± 0.037# | 1.023 ± 0.119* |
| palmitic acid | 1 ± 0.076 | 0.534 ± 0.045* | 0.949 ± 0.113* |
| palmitoleic acid | 1 ± 0.212 | 0.531 ± 0.302 | 0.839 ± 0.190 |
| pelargonic acid | 1 ± 0.150 | 0.595 ± 0.144# | 1.121 ± 0.152# |
| pentadecanoic acid | 1 ± 0.739 | 3.336 ± 0.242* | 1.703 ± 0.753# |
| stearic acid | 1 ± 0.085 | 0.533 ± 0.034* | 0.922 ± 0.100* |
| Organic acid | |||
| 2-hydroxyvalerate | 1 ± 0.252 | 0.577 ± 0.221 | 0.917 ± 0.112 |
| 2-ketoadipate | 1 ± 0.456 | 0.322 ± 0.152 | 0.619 ± 0.148 |
| 3-phenyllactate | 1 ± 0.178 | 0.357 ± 0.032* | 0.693 ± 0.169# |
| adipate | 1 ± 0.357 | 0.319 ± 0.055 | 0.870 ± 0.174* |
| benzoate | 1 ± 0.380 | 0.404 ± 0.246 | 0.762 ± 0.010 |
| β-hydroxybutyrate | 1 ± 0.264 | 0.935 ± 0.169 | 1.177 ± 0.486 |
| fumarate | 1 ± 0.371* | 0.962 ± 0.028 | 2.254 ± 0.132* |
| galactonate | 1 ± 0.099# | 0.951 ± 0.637 | 1.483 ± 0.214* |
| gluconate | 1 ± 0.095* | 0.238 ± 0.400 | 0.016 ± 0.001 |
| glycerate | 1 ± 0.067 | 0.815 ± 0.142 | 0.900 ± 0.068 |
| indole-3-lactate | 1 ± 0.068# | 0.572 ± 0.052* | 0.746 ± 0.111 |
| lactate | 1 ± 0.048 | 0.884 ± 0.052# | 0.924 ± 0.023 |
| malate | 1 ± 0.282# | 0.656 ± 0.102 | 1.511 ± 0.111* |
| malonate | 1±0.027 | 0.473 ± 0.051* | 1.135 ± 0.119* |
| oxalate | 1 ± 0.211 | 0.512 ± 0.044 | 0.929 ± 0.007* |
| phenylacetate | 1 ± 0.367 | 0.612 ± 0.196* | 0.939 ± 0.081 |
| phosphogluconate | 1 ± 0.392 | 0.699 ± 0.122 | 1.815 ± 0.251* |
| pyrrole-2-carboxylate | 1 ± 0.177 | 0.630 ± 0.110# | 1.171 ± 0.154* |
| pyruvate | 1 ± 0.181 | 0.496 ± 0.045* | 0.639 ± 0.137 |
| terephthalate | 1 ± 0.343 | 0.894 ± 0.011 | 1.070 ± 0.044* |
| aminomalonate | 1 ± 0.219# | 1.159 ± 0.048 | 1.947 ± 0.012* |
| citramalate | 1 ± 0.255 | 1.116 ± 0.044 | 0.801 ± 0.049* |
| succinate | 1 ± 0.181 | 1.453 ± 0.002# | 1.061 ± 0.009* |
| Phosphate | |||
| adenosine-5-monophosphate | 1 ± 0.287 | 0.256 ± 0.055# | 1.052 ± 0.030* |
| β-glycerolphosphate | 1 ± 0.342 | 0.970 ± 0.049 | 1.018 ± 0.363 |
| mannose-6-phosphate NIST a | 1 ± 0.272 | 0.621 ± 0.261 | 0.906 ± 0.355 |
| phosphate | 1 ± 0.015* | 0.624 ± 0.014* | 0.941 ± 0.009* |
| pyrophosphate | 1 ± 0.344* | 0.292 ± 0.022 | 3.546 ± 0.213* |
| glucose-6-phosphate | 1 ± 0.127 | 1.290 ± 0.916 | 1.334 ± 0.228 |
| Sugar and sugar alcohols | |||
| 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose | 1 ± 0.065 | 0.327 ± 0.022* | 0.944 ± 0.247# |
| cellobiose | 1 ± 0.625 | 0.540 ± 0.121 | 1.419 ± 0.054* |
| citrate | 1 ± 0.182* | 0.940 ± 0.027 | 1.747 ± 0.029* |
| glycerol | 1 ± 0.521 | 0.659 ± 0.108 | 1.235 ± 0.101* |
| glycolate | 1 ± 0.073# | 0.714 ± 0.147# | 1.183 ± 0.017# |
| lactulose | 1 ± 0.142# | 0.579 ± 0.303 | 0.467 ± 0.190 |
| maltotriose | 1 ± 0.461 | 0.397 ± 0.072 | 0.828 ± 0.171# |
| mannose | 1 ± 0.089 | 0.654 ± 0.007* | 0.965 ± 0.020* |
| palatinitol | 1 ± 0.286 | 0.443 ± 0.148# | 0.958 ± 0.089* |
| phytol | 1 ± 0.271 | 0.449 ± 0.051# | 0.835 ± 0.071* |
| threose | 1 ± 0.260 | 0.593 ± 0.050* | 2.274 ± 0.142* |
| xylose | 1 ± 0.098# | 0.786 ± 0.846 | 1.448 ± 0.141 |
| lyxose | 1 ± 0.752 | 1.465 ± 1.221 | 0.893 ± 0.690 |
| mannitol | 1 ± 0.488 | 1.406 ± 0.087 | 0.475 ± 0.005* |
| melibiose | 1 ± 0.361 | 1.105 ± 0.189 | 1.147 ± 0.240 |
| myo-inositol | 1 ± 0.126* | 1.099 ± 0.018 | 1.839 ± 0.021* |
| arabitol | 1 ± 0.237 | 1.067 ± 0.191 | 0.942 ± 0.073 |
| fructose | 1 ± 0.064# | 1.740 ± 0.033* | 1.137 ±0.040* |
| galactose | 1 ± 0.123 | 1.892 ± 0.073* | 1.063 ± 0.019 |
| glucose | 1 ± 0.113 | 1.672 ± 0.043* | 1.036 ± 0.056* |
| tagatose | 1 ± 0.126 | 1.835 ± 0.044* | 1.127 ± 0.029* |
| threitol | 1 ± 0.013 | 1.501 ± 0.011* | 0.991 ± 0.017* |
| Others | |||
| tyrosol | 1 ± 0.091 | 0.462 ± 0.082* | 1.080 ± 0.149* |
| benzamide | 1 ± 0.177 | 0.413 ± 0.286# | 0.942 ± 0.051 |
| 2,3-butanediol NIST a | 1 ± 0.256 | 0.538 ± 0.076# | 0.784 ± 0.069# |
| carnitine | 1 ± 0.204 | 0.511 ± 0.491 | 1.104 ± 0.179 |
| dihydroxyacetone | 1 ± 0.322 | 0.317 ± 0.017# | 0.886 ± 0.078* |
| salicylaldehyde | 1 ± 0.455 | 0.329 ± 0.086 | 0.589 ± 0.023# |
| squalene | 1 ± 0.028 | 0.405 ± 0.038* | 0.834 ± 0.216# |
| taurine | 1 ± 0.293 | 0.649 ± 0.106 | 1.899 ± 0.697# |
| urea | 1 ± 0.243* | 0.001 ± 0.000* | 0.002 ± 0.000* |
Mean control value is set to 1 while dispersion of control data is maintained. Unless otherwise indicated, values are mean ± standard deviation.
In comparison between Control vs. TNF-α or TNF-α vs. Curcumin pretreatment, or Curcumin pretreatment vs. Control, significant difference is observed in the TNF-α-stimulated, curcumin treatment, and control groups, respectively.
#, P < 0.05
*, P < 0.01
aThe metabolite identified by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) mass spectral library, but not verified by its authentic standard chemical.