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MSCs secrete multifunctional and humoral factors that maintain the homeostasis in various tissues. MSCs maintain the homeostasis of organs through multiple functions, including transdifferentiation to specific cells, cell fusion with sick cells, mitochondrial transfer to sick cells, and secretion of microvesicles and trophic factors. Many researchers have suggested that a paracrine effect is the most important function of MSCs to maintain the homeostasis of organs and tissues.
