Table II.

Indications for therapeutic ERCP

Biliary tract diseases: Jaundice or cholestasis with suspected obstructive nature Acute cholangitis Lesions in biliary tracts visualized by other imaging methods Biliary fistula or leakage Iatrogenic bile duct injury

Pancreatic diseases: Recurrent acute pancreatitis of uncertain etiology Severe acute biliary pancreatitis Pancreatic cancer to collect tissue samples and apply palliative treatment Pancreatic fistula or leakage Pancreatic insufficiency, malabsorption Chronic pancreatitis with pain, jaundice or leakage Pancreatic pseudocyst Abdominal pain of pancreatic origin confirmed by laboratory tests or imaging

Endoscopic therapy: Endoscopic sphincterotomy/papillotomy Drainage of biliary/pancreatic tract

Endoscopic tissue and fluid collection: Brush biopsy, fine needle aspiration biopsy Collection of bile/pancreatic juice

Preoperative duct mapping: Malignant tumors Mild stenosis Chronic pancreatitis

Manometry: Sphincter of Oddi Duct stenosis