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. 2015 Dec 14;5(4):768–790. doi: 10.3390/bios5040768

Table 2.

Multiple parameters used in HCI assays and their applications in various areas of research.

Research Areas Applications HCI Assays References
Toxicology Screening of compounds for cytotoxicity Apoptosis, necrosis, and measurement of cell numbers and morphological features [34]
Hepatotoxicity screening with HepaRG cells Cell count, nuclear size, and in-cell CYP3A4 expression [28]
Hepatotoxicity screening with iPSC-derived hepatocytes Cell viability, cell shape, cell area, nuclear shape, mitochondria potential, autophagy, and phospholipidosis [23]
Identification of drugs inducing steatosis Lipid content, ROS generation, MMP, cell viability, and cell count [29]
Hepatotoxicity screening and mechanisms of drug action Cell viability, nuclear morphology, lipid peroxidation, MMP, and intracellular calcium concentration [20]
Cardiotoxicity screening with stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes Nuclear morphology, MMP, apoptosis, and cell membrane permeability [21]
Developmental neurotoxicity with neurons Quantification of βIII-tubulin (neurite marker), pNF (axonal marker), and MAP2 (dendrites marker) [27]
Mechanism of drug action for inhibiting tumor cell growth Apoptosis, cell cycle disruption, DNA damage, and cellular morphology [36]
Developmental neurotoxicity Metabolic activity with resazurin, nuclear morphology, neurite outgrowth, and cell viability [26]
Nanotoxicology Cytotoxicity of amine-modified polystyrene nanoparticles Nuclear morphology, MMP, cytosolic calcium, lysosomal acidification, and plasma membrane permeability [24]
Cancer Inhibition of STAT3 pathways in head and neck cancer Nuclear morphology and pSTAT3-Y705 staining [30]
Identification of phage antibodies that bind to tumor cells via macro pinocytosis Detection of cell-associated IgG, cell-associated phage, and nuclei [31]
Up-regulation of Pfn-1 in metastatic breast cancer Cell migration, chromatin condensation, cell density, cell size, nucleus area, actin content, and actin fiber [37]
Infectious Disease Cell cycle arrest by Ebola virus infection Quantification of cells in S-phase and M-phase, nuclear size, and nuclear intensity [32]
Screening of protease-inhibiting compounds against rift valley fever virus Detection of Gn antibody staining, nuclear and cytoplasmic intensities of G signal, nuclear size, and nuclear intensity [38]
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp)-induced formation of multinucleated giant cells in murine macrophages Cell number, area, number of bacterial spots, and anti-Bp antibody staining [39]
Screening of compounds against Chagas disease Number of nuclei, amastigotes, and percentage of infected cells per well [33]
Identification of Coxiella burnetii bacterial factors involved in host cell interaction Nuclei number, fragmentation, area, perimeter, GFP intensity of coxiella colonies [40]
Epigenetics Identification of JMJD3 chemotypes to understand the role of demethylase Quantification of JMJD3 expression and histone H3-specific antibody staining [41]
Neurodegenerative Disorder Identification of drugs for Huntington’s disease Number of somata, area of somata, neurite length, and neurite area [42]

Abbreviations are used as follows: induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), Pan axonal neurofilament (pNF), microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), profilin 1 (Pfn-1), envelope glycoprotein (Gn), immunoglobulin G (IgG).