Table 2.
Research Areas | Applications | HCI Assays | References |
---|---|---|---|
Toxicology | Screening of compounds for cytotoxicity | Apoptosis, necrosis, and measurement of cell numbers and morphological features | [34] |
Hepatotoxicity screening with HepaRG cells | Cell count, nuclear size, and in-cell CYP3A4 expression | [28] | |
Hepatotoxicity screening with iPSC-derived hepatocytes | Cell viability, cell shape, cell area, nuclear shape, mitochondria potential, autophagy, and phospholipidosis | [23] | |
Identification of drugs inducing steatosis | Lipid content, ROS generation, MMP, cell viability, and cell count | [29] | |
Hepatotoxicity screening and mechanisms of drug action | Cell viability, nuclear morphology, lipid peroxidation, MMP, and intracellular calcium concentration | [20] | |
Cardiotoxicity screening with stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes | Nuclear morphology, MMP, apoptosis, and cell membrane permeability | [21] | |
Developmental neurotoxicity with neurons | Quantification of βIII-tubulin (neurite marker), pNF (axonal marker), and MAP2 (dendrites marker) | [27] | |
Mechanism of drug action for inhibiting tumor cell growth | Apoptosis, cell cycle disruption, DNA damage, and cellular morphology | [36] | |
Developmental neurotoxicity | Metabolic activity with resazurin, nuclear morphology, neurite outgrowth, and cell viability | [26] | |
Nanotoxicology | Cytotoxicity of amine-modified polystyrene nanoparticles | Nuclear morphology, MMP, cytosolic calcium, lysosomal acidification, and plasma membrane permeability | [24] |
Cancer | Inhibition of STAT3 pathways in head and neck cancer | Nuclear morphology and pSTAT3-Y705 staining | [30] |
Identification of phage antibodies that bind to tumor cells via macro pinocytosis | Detection of cell-associated IgG, cell-associated phage, and nuclei | [31] | |
Up-regulation of Pfn-1 in metastatic breast cancer | Cell migration, chromatin condensation, cell density, cell size, nucleus area, actin content, and actin fiber | [37] | |
Infectious Disease | Cell cycle arrest by Ebola virus infection | Quantification of cells in S-phase and M-phase, nuclear size, and nuclear intensity | [32] |
Screening of protease-inhibiting compounds against rift valley fever virus | Detection of Gn antibody staining, nuclear and cytoplasmic intensities of G signal, nuclear size, and nuclear intensity | [38] | |
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp)-induced formation of multinucleated giant cells in murine macrophages | Cell number, area, number of bacterial spots, and anti-Bp antibody staining | [39] | |
Screening of compounds against Chagas disease | Number of nuclei, amastigotes, and percentage of infected cells per well | [33] | |
Identification of Coxiella burnetii bacterial factors involved in host cell interaction | Nuclei number, fragmentation, area, perimeter, GFP intensity of coxiella colonies | [40] | |
Epigenetics | Identification of JMJD3 chemotypes to understand the role of demethylase | Quantification of JMJD3 expression and histone H3-specific antibody staining | [41] |
Neurodegenerative Disorder | Identification of drugs for Huntington’s disease | Number of somata, area of somata, neurite length, and neurite area | [42] |
Abbreviations are used as follows: induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), Pan axonal neurofilament (pNF), microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), profilin 1 (Pfn-1), envelope glycoprotein (Gn), immunoglobulin G (IgG).