Table 5.

Common themes of modifiable non-antimicrobial factors or interventions reported in citations from retained animal, human or in vitro populations

	Factors from
Common themes	Human or in vitro populations (n = 356 references)	Animal populations (n = 39 references)
Cleaning and disinfection	Various biocides, disinfectants and hand cleaners/sanitizers	Cleaning and disinfection, hygiene and sanitation
Relationships with professionals	Infectious disease consultation, multiple visits to a hospital	Participation in a quality assurance programme
Hospital vs. home pens	Colonization pressure, daycare, interval between hospitalizations, residence in LTC, hospital size, crowding, transfer between units	Herd/pen/group size, crowding, contact with animals treated with antimicrobials
Probiotic	Lactobacillus inocula	S. cerevisiae boulardii, porcine competitive exclusion culture
Vaccination	Pneumococcal vaccination	Anti-Salmonella antibody
Housing		Ventilation and flooring systems
Non-conventional management systems		ABF, organic, animal friendly, ecological
Temperature stress		Cold/heat stress
Minerals		Zinc and copper
Recombinant β-lactamases		Recombinant β-lactamase
Health status	Immunosuppressives	Health status, comorbidity, routine deworming
Gastric/ruminal pH	Sucralfate	High vs. low pH
Availability of feed		Ad libitum vs. restricted
Energy sources		Corn (dry, rolled, flaked steamed), wet distillers, whey
Feed form		Pelleted, mash, liquid
Group size	Hospital size	Group/pen/herd size

LTC, Long-term care; ABF, antibiotic free.