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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Dec 31.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Health Med. 2014 Jul 24;20(3):332–344. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2014.940354

Table 4.

Odds ratios (95% CI) for loneliness according to self-reported health and wellbeing

n % lonely Adjusted for demographicsa Adjusted for demographics and other factorsb

Sometimes Often/always Sometimes Often/always Sometimes Often/always
Mental wellbeing WEMWBS:
High 1,567 13.0 12.1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Medium 1,226 26.2 10.5 2.24 (1.83, 2.75) 0.90 (0.70, 1.16) 1.78 (1.44, 2.21) 0.68 (0.52, 0.88)
Low 1,134 36.1 25.6 4.72 (3.78, 5.90) 2.87 (2.25, 3.67) 2.75 (2.14, 3.52) 1.22 (0.91, 1.62)
P (trend) <0.001 <0.001
Mental health SF-12:
High 1,714 13.8 8.2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Medium 1,197 30.1 13.0 2.93 (2.40, 3.58) 2.06 (1.59, 2.67) 2.19 (1.78, 2.70) 1.97 (1.51, 2.58)
Low 1,016 33.1 30.8 4.48 (3.58, 5.60) 6.46 (4.99, 8.34) 2.41 (1.86, 3.12) 4.35 (3.22, 5.88)
P (trend) <0.001 <0.001
Long-term mental health problem (lasting twelve months or more):
No 3,106 20.1 12.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Yes 451 42.8 21.1 3.33 (2.61, 4.25) 2.61 (1.93, 3.51) 1.80 (1.35, 2.40) 1.27 (0.89, 1.80)
Yes and worsening 370 31.4 37.8 2.85 (2.11, 3.83) 5.11 (3.77, 6.93) 1.26 (0.89, 1.80) 1.82 (1.25, 2.64)
P (trend) <0.001 0.002
Spoken to GP about mental health problem:
No 3,070 20.6 12.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Yes 857 35.1 28.0 2.57 (2.09, 3.15) 3.09 (2.45, 3.90) 1.22 (0.94, 1.58) 1.36 (1.01, 1.82)
P (trend) <0.001 0.10
Long-standing illness:c
No 2,543 21.4 12.2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Yes 1,384 28.1 21.6 1.32 (1.07, 1.62) 1.31 (1.01, 1.69) 0.77 (0.61, 0.97) 0.77 (0.58, 1.02)
P (trend) 0.01 0.04
a

Sex, age, household type, employment, education, long-standing illness and migrant status;

b

Impact of each health and wellbeing factor adjusted for demographics and all other health and wellbeing factors

c

Not adjusted for long-standing illness.