Table 1.
Potential Risk Factors for Incident Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) among Patients of the Hemodialysis Facility
| Risk factor | No. incident case-patients/Total (Attack rate)
|
Risk ratio (95% CI) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| With risk factor | Without risk factor | |||
| Demographics and comorbidities | ||||
| Age >65 years | 3/23 (13.0%) | 3/11 (27.3%) | 0.5 (0.1–2.0) | 0.36 |
| Female gender | 5/16 (31.3%) | 1/18 (5.6%) | 5.6 (0.7–43.3) | 0.08 |
| Charlson score >5 | 4/17 (23.5%) | 2/17 (11.8%) | 2.0 (0.4–9.5) | 0.66 |
| Dialysis characteristics | ||||
| Longer than 42 months on dialysis | 3/17 (17.7%) | 3/17 (17.7%) | 1.0 (0.2–4.3) | 1.00 |
| Vascular access: catheter or graft (vs fistula) | 5/12 (41.7%) | 1/22 (4.6%) | 9.2 (1.2–69.9) | 0.01 |
| Healthcare exposures | ||||
| Hospitalization in prior 12 weeks | 3/12 (25.0%) | 3/22 (13.6%) | 1.8 (0.4–7.7) | 0.64 |
| Hospitalization in prior 30 days | 3/6 (50.0%) | 3/28 (10.7%) | 4.7 (1.2–17.7) | 0.05 |
| Surgery during prior 12 weeks | 1/5 (20.0%) | 5/29 (17.2%) | 1.2 (0.2–8.0) | 1.00 |
| Long-term care facility stay in prior 12 weeksa | 1/4 (25.0%) | 5/29 (17.2%) | 1.5 (0.2–9.5) | 1.00 |
| Medication use | ||||
| Antibiotic use in prior 12 weeks | 3/15 (20.0%) | 3/19 (15.8%) | 1.3 (0.3–5.4) | 1.00 |
| Antibiotic use in prior 30 daysa | 3/8 (37.5%) | 3/25 (12.0%) | 3.1 (0.8–12.5) | 0.13 |
| β-lactam use in prior 12 weeks | 3/6 (50.0%) | 3/28 (10.7%) | 4.7 (1.2–17.7) | 0.05 |
| Immunosuppressive use in prior 12 weeks | 3/13 (23.1%) | 3/21 (14.3%) | 1.6 (0.4–6.8) | 0.65 |
| Acid suppressive therapy in prior 12 weeks | 4/20 (20.0%) | 2/14 (14.3%) | 1.4 (0.3–6.6) | 1.00 |
Note: one patient who developed CDI before initiation of hemodialysis, and two patients with unknown onset dates of CDI were excluded from the hemodialysis cohort. CI, confidence interval.
a
Data not available for one non-case.