Table 3.
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Pregnancy Exposure to Air Toxicsa and Diagnosis of Autistic Disorder by Expressive Language Skills at Age 5 Years, Los Angeles County.
| IQR | Impaired expressive language | Less impaired expressive language | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Air Toxic | No. Cases | Total No. | ORb | (95% CI) | No. Cases | Total No. | ORb | (95% CI) | |
| Factor 1 | |||||||||
| Benzene | 0.78 ppbV | 218/125,969 | 1.32 | (0.87–1.99) | 132/125,883 | 1.89 | (1.08–3.31) | ||
| Perchloroethylene | 0.24 ppbV | 204/116,875 | 1.11 | (0.74–1.67) | 126/116,797 | 2.25 | (1.35–3.77) | ||
| 1,3-Butadiene | 0.28 ppbV | 218/125,969 | 1.36 | (0.85–2.18) | 132/125,883 | 2.25 | (1.18–4.28) | ||
| Toluene | 1.68 ppbV | 209/120,448 | 1.21 | (0.88–1.66) | 126/120,365 | 1.48 | (0.95–2.31) | ||
| Ortho-Xylene | 0.28 ppbV | 199/119,639 | 1.39 | (1.03–1.87) | 128/119,568 | 1.55 | (1.05–2.28) | ||
| Meta/para-Xylene | 0.88 ppbV | 214/120,287 | 1.43 | (1.07–1.91) | 130/120,203 | 1.68 | (1.13–2.48) | ||
| Ethyl Benzene | 0.19 ppbV | 200/119,739 | 1.46 | (1.10–1.93) | 124/119,663 | 1.47 | (1.00–2.16) | ||
| Methylene Chloride~ | 0.54 ppbV | 214/121,545 | 1.29 | (0.98–1.71) | 129/121,460 | 0.95 | (0.65–1.37) | ||
| PAHs | 0.79 ppbV | 240/108,188 | 1.02 | (0.75–1.37) | 138/108,086 | 1.48 | (0.95–2.31) | ||
| Lead | 13.6 ng/m3 | 173/78,198 | 1.58 | (1.19–2.08) | 80/78,105 | 1.64 | (1.05–2.58) | ||
| Vanadium | 6.58 ng/m3 | 173/78,198 | 0.74 | (0.55–0.98) | 80/78,105 | 0.61 | (0.39–0.97) | ||
| Factor 2 | |||||||||
| Chromium | 1.74 ng/m3 | 173/78,198 | 1.03 | (0.98–1.09) | 80/78,105 | 0.99 | (0.91–1.08) | ||
| Manganese | 5.62 ng/m3 | 173/78,198 | 1.04 | (0.98–1.10) | 80/78,105 | 1.00 | (0.93–1.09) | ||
| Nickel | 1.82 ng/m3 | 173/78,198 | 1.02 | (0.92–1.13) | 80/78,105 | 0.92 | (0.78–1.10) | ||
| Selenium | 0.59 ng/m3 | 173/78,198 | 1.08 | (0.95–1.24) | 80/78,105 | 0.98 | (0.79–1.21) | ||
| Factor 3 | |||||||||
| Acetaldehyde | 0.50 ppbV | 206/121,358 | 1.03 | (0.85–1.25) | 127/121,279 | 1.56 | (1.23–1.97) | ||
| Formaldehyde | 1.93 ppbV | 206/121,358 | 1.19 | (0.87–1.62) | 127/121,279 | 1.89 | (1.29–2.76) | ||
| Factor 4 | |||||||||
| Ortho-dichlorobenz. | 0.02 ppbV | 174/103,485 | 1.08 | (0.95–1.21) | 116/103,427 | 0.90 | (0.76–1.07) | ||
| Para-dichlorobenzene | 0.02 ppbV | 173/103,154 | 0.96 | (0.89–1.04) | 113/103,094 | 0.86 | (0.75–0.97) | ||
| Not loading | |||||||||
| Chloroform | 0.01 ppbV | 211/121,696 | 0.92 | (0.75–1.12) | 127/121,612 | 1.09 | (0.86–1.37) | ||
| Trichloroethylene | 0.14 ppbV | 205/118,362 | 1.19 | (1.02–1.39) | 127/118,284 | 0.99 | (0.77–1.28) | ||
| Copper | 22.8 ng/m3 | 173/78,198 | 1.01 | (0.90–1.14) | 80/78,105 | 1.18 | (1.03–1.36) | ||
| Hexavalent-chromium | 0.10 ng/m3 | 143/72,823 | 0.84 | (0.61–1.16) | 58/72,738 | 0.96 | (0.74–1.26) | ||
| Molybdenum | 0.82 ng/m3 | 173/78,198 | 1.24 | (0.85–1.80) | 80/78,105 | 0.76 | (0.44–1.31) | ||
a
Entire pregnancy average. Numbers refer to “n” used in fully adjusted regression models.
b
Adjusted for: birth year, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal age and education, type of insurance, place of birth mother (US vs. non US), child sex, parity (primapara, 2, 3 or more births).
PAH: Includes sum of average concentrations of six hydrocarbons: benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]flouranthene, benzo[ghi]perylene, benzo[k]flouranthene, dibenz[a, h]anthracene, and indeno[1, 2, 3-c,d]pyren.