Diastolic BP	Systolic BP	Resting Pulse	Cholesterol
				HDL	LDL	Total	Triglyceride	Glucose	HbA1c
SCD
Longitude	−0.002	−0.005†	0.006*	−0.002	−0.003	−0.002	−0.003	−0.002	−0.002
Latitude	0.001	0.001	0.003	0.004	−0.002	−0.001	0.004	0.000	0.000
DCT
Longitude	−0.001	−0.003	0.004	−0.001	−0.003	−0.002	−0.004	−0.003	0.000
Latitude	0.001	0.000	0.002	0.005	−0.001	0.000	0.003	0.000	0.000
DID
Provincial EDR
Longitude	−0.001	−0.004	0.007*	−0.002	−0.002	−0.001	−0.002	−0.001	−0.002
Latitude	0.001	0.001	0.003	0.004	−0.002	−0.001	0.004	0.000	0.000
Provincial CSSI
Longitude	−0.001	−0.005†	0.007*	−0.002	−0.002	−0.002	−0.003	−0.002	−0.002
Latitude	0.001	0.001	0.003	0.004	0.002	0.000	0.004	0.000	0.000
Prefecture CSSI
Longitude	−0.002	−0.002	0.005†	−0.002	−0.003	−0.002	0.001	0.000	0.000
Latitude	0.006*	0.006†	0.001	0.005	0.000	0.002	0.005	0.003	0.002
Famine cohort probit
Provincial EDR
Longitude	0.009	0.008	0.011†	−0.003	0.009	0.006	−0.006	−0.007	−0.005
Latitude	0.002	0.006	0.005	0.002	−0.011†	−0.001	0.021**	0.029***	0.008
Provincial CSSI
Longitude	0.008	0.007	0.012†	−0.003	0.007	0.004	−0.005	−0.007	−0.006
Latitude	0.003	0.006	0.002	−0.001	−0.006	0.001	0.020**	0.028***	0.009†
Prefecture CSSI
Longitude	0.004	−0.001	0.010†	−0.005	0.008	0.007	−0.005	−0.002	0.002
Latitude	0.007	0.008	−0.001	0.000	−0.006	−0.001	0.017**	0.010	0.004
Famine cohort 2SLS
Longitude	0.002*	−0.004**	0.005***	−0.001	−0.002	−0.001	0.002	0.001	0.001
Latitude	0.000	0.004**	−0.003**	0.000	0.000	0.000	−0.001	0.000	0.001

Note: SCD = simple cohort difference; DCT = deviation from cohort trend; DID = difference-in-differences; 2SLS = two-stage least squares; EDR = excess death rate; CSSI = cohort size shrinkage index. All the models control for gender and birth quarters. The SCD, DCT, and DID models additionally control for provincial fixed effects.

^†p < 0.1;

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01;

^***p < 0.001 based on prefecture-level cluster standard errors.