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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 15.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2015 Jul 4;96:195–202. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.012

Figure 1. Bioengineered approaches to myocardial regeneration.

Figure 1

Initial steps in cardiac regeneration: (1) Skin biopsy from the patient, (2) Somatic cell culture and expansion, (3) Derivation of iPS cells by introducing a specific set of pluripotency-associated genes (Oct4, Sox2, cMyc, and Klf4) into the somatic cell, (4) iPS cell expansion; Cardiac tissue engineering: (5a) Differentiation of iPS cells into cardiomyocytes, (5b) Engineering a cardiac patch, (6) Electromechanical conditioning of iPS-CMs and tissue engineered patches within a bioreactor, (7a) Epicardial injection of cells into the infarct zone border, and (7b) implantation of an engineered cardiac patch.