Table 3.
Observed 3-month prevalence of psychiatric DSM-IV disorders in percentages (95 % confidence interval) according to gender, age and voluntary vs. involuntary placement status
| N | Observedb prevalence % (N = 323–399) | Estimatedc prevalence % (N = 541) | Gendera | Agea | Placement statusa | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys % (Cl 95 %) |
Girls % (Cl 95 %) |
OR, p value | 12–16 % (Cl 95 %) |
17–21 % (Cl 95 %) |
OR, p value | Voluntary % (Cl 95 %) |
Involuntary % (Cl 95 %) |
OR, p value | ||||
| AS | 323 |
23.2 (18.9–28.1) |
24.4 |
26.3 (19.6–34.4) |
21.1 (15.8–27.4) |
1.3, p = 0.271 |
22.5 (16.7–29.6) |
23.9 (18.0–31.0) |
1.1, p = 0.761 |
19.4 (13.7–26.7) |
26.7 (20.7–33.7) |
1.5, p = 0.132 |
| ADHD (CAPA) | 382 |
13.4 (10.3–17.1) |
– |
15.5 (10.7–21.9) |
11.8 (8.2–16.7) |
1.4, p = 0.287 |
13.7 (9.6–19.2) |
13.0 (8.9–18.6) |
0.9, p = 0.833 |
12.8 (8.5–18.8) |
13.3 (9.4–18.6) |
1.1, p = 0.881 |
| Clinical ADHD/treatment | 399 |
24.8 (20.8–29.3) |
– |
27.6 (21.5–34.8) |
22.7 (17.7–28.6) |
1.3, p = 0.259 |
26.1 (20.6–32.5) |
23.4 (18.0–29.9) |
0.9, p = 0.541 |
25.1 (19.2–32.1) |
24.5 (19.3–30.6) |
1.0, p = 0.891 |
| ADHD total | 399 |
32.3 (27.9–37.1) |
33.1 |
37.1 (30.2–44.5) |
28.8 (23.3–35.0) |
1.4, p = 0.083 |
31.4 (25.5–38.0) |
33.3 (27.0–40.3) |
1.1, p = 0.680 |
32.2 (25.6–39.5) |
32.7 (26.9–39.2) |
1.0, p = 0.906 |
| CD | 335 |
19.1 (15.2–23.6) |
17.9 |
28.8 (21.9–36.8) |
12.2 (8.4–17.6) |
2.9, p = 0.001 |
21.7 (16.1–28.5) |
16.6 (11.7–22.9) |
0.7, p = 0.235 |
9.7 (5.8–15.5) |
26.4 (20.5–33.2) |
3.4, p = 0.001 |
| ODD | 335 |
3.0 (1.6–5.4) |
2.2 |
1.4 (0.3–5.1) |
4.1 (2.1–7.8) |
0.3, p = 0.180 |
3.6 (1.7–7.7) |
2.4 (0.9–5.9) |
0.6, p = 0.505 |
2.8 (1.1–6.9) |
3.3 (1.5–7.0) |
1.2, p = 0.779 |
| RAD | 323 |
21.1 (17.6–25.8) |
23.7 |
18.0 (12.4–25.4) |
23.2 (17.7–29.7) |
0.7, p = 0.268 |
23.8 (17.8–30.9) |
18.4 (13.2–25.1) |
0.7, p = 0.240 |
16.5 (11.3–23.6) |
25.6 (19.7–32.5) |
1.7, p = 0.055 |
| Substance abuse | 335 |
11.9 (8.9–15.9) |
12.0 |
12.2 (7.7–18.7) |
11.7 (7.9–17.0) |
1.0, p = 0.890 |
12.7 (8.4–18.6) |
11.2 (7.3–16.9) |
0.9, p = 0.691 |
9.7 (5.8–15.6) |
14.3 (9.9–20.1) |
1.6, p = 0.207 |
| Substance dependence | 335 |
2.7 (1.4–5.0) |
2.6 |
0.7 (0.1–4.0) |
4.1 (2.1–7.8) |
0.2, p = 0.097 |
2.4 (0.9–6.0) |
3.0 (1.3–6.7) |
1.2, p = 0.756 |
2.8 (1.1–6.9) |
2.7 (1.2–6.3) |
1.0, p = 0.995 |
| MDD | 335 |
23.3 (19.1–28.1) |
21.6 |
10.8 (6.6–17.0) |
32.1 (26.0–39.0) |
0.3 p = 0.001 |
24.7 (18.8–31.8) |
21.9 (16.3–28.7) |
0.9, p = 0.544 |
20.7 (14.9–28.0) |
25.3 (19.5–32.1) |
1.3, p = 0.330 |
| Dysthymiad | 335 |
30.1 (25.5–35.3) |
29.0 |
14.4 (9.5–21.2) |
41.3 (34.6–48.3) |
0.2, p = 0.001 |
31.3 (24.7–38.7) |
29.0 (22.7–36.2) |
0.9, p = 0.642 |
24.8 (18.5–32.4) |
33.5 (27.1–40.7) |
1.5, p = 0.088 |
| Depression NOS | 335 |
24.8 (20.5–29.7) |
22.7 |
16.5 (11.3–23.6) |
30.6 (24.6–37.3) |
0.5, p = 0.004 |
28.3 (22.0–35.6) |
21.3 (15.8–28.1) |
0.7, p = 0.138 |
20.0 (14.3–27.2) |
27.5 (21.5–34.4) |
1.5, p = 0.118 |
| Bipolar disorder | 334 |
0.6 (0.1–2.0) |
0.6 |
0.0 (0–0) |
1.0 (0.3–3.7) |
0.0, p = 0.996 |
0.0 (0–0) |
1.2 (0.3–4.2) |
0.0, p = 0.996 |
0.7 (0.1–3.8) |
0.5 (0.1–3.0) |
0.8, p = 0.868 |
| MDD, dep NOS or dysthymiae | 335 |
37.0 (32.0–42.3) |
– |
22.3 (16.2–29.3) |
47.4 (40.6–54.4) |
0.3, p = 0.001 |
39.2 (32.1–46.7) |
34.9 (28.1–42.4) |
0.8, p = 0.413 |
30.3 (23.4–38.3) |
41.8 (34.8–49.0) |
1.6, p = 0.059 |
| AG without panic | 333 |
12.6 (9.5–16.6) |
12.9 |
8.7 (5.0–14.6) |
15.4 (11.0–21.1) |
0.5, p = 0.074 |
10.4 (6.6–16.0) |
14.8 (10.2–20.9) |
1.5, p = 0.226 |
11.0 (6.9–17.2) |
13.9 (9.6–19.7) |
1.3, p = 0.442 |
| Panic without AG | 333 |
3.9 (3.3.–6.6) |
3.5 |
0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
6.7 (3.9–11.1) |
0.0, p = 0.996 |
4.9 (2.5–9.3) |
3.0 (1.3–6.7) |
0.6, p = 0.371 |
2.8 (1.1–6.9) |
5.0 (2.7–9.2) |
1.9, p = 0.312 |
| Panic with AG | 333 |
0.9 (0.3–2.6) |
0.9 |
0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
1.5 (0.5–4.4) |
0.0, p = 0.996 |
0.6 (0.1–3.4) |
1.2 (10.2–20.9) |
1.9, p = 0.586 |
0.7 (0.1–3.8) |
1.1 (0.3–4.0) |
1.6, p = 0.696 |
| Specific phobia | 335 |
6.3 (4.1–9.4) |
5.9 |
3.6 (1.5–8.1) |
8.2 (5.0–12.8) |
0.4, p = 0.098 |
5.4 (2.9–10.0) |
7.1 (4.1–12.0) |
1.3, p = 0.527 |
6.2 (3.3–11.4) |
6.0 (3.4–10.5) |
1.0, p = 0.951 |
| Social phobia | 335 |
12.5 (9.4–16.5) |
13.7 |
7.2 (4.0–12.7) |
16.3 (11.8–22.1) |
0.4, p = 0.015 |
12.0 (7.9–17.9) |
13.0 (8.8–18.9) |
1.1, p = 0.789 |
12.4 (8.0–18.8) |
12.6 (8.6–18.2) |
1.0, p = 0.952 |
| OCD | 335 |
3.6 (2.1–6.2) |
3.1 |
2.2 (0.7–6.2) |
4.6 (2.4–8.4) |
0.5, p = 0.249 |
2.4 (0.9–6.0) |
4.7 (2.4–9.1) |
2.0, p = 0.261 |
4.1 (2.9–8.7) |
3.3 (1.5–7.0) |
0.8, p = 0.688 |
| PTSD | 335 |
0.6 (0.2–2.2) |
0.4 |
0.7 (0.1–3.9) |
0.5 (0.09–2.8) |
1.4, p = 0.807 |
0.6 (0.1–3.3) |
0.6 (0.1–3.3) |
1.0, p = 0.990 |
0.7 (0.1–3.8) |
0.5 (0.1–3.0) |
0.8, p = 0.872 |
| GAD | 335 |
20.9 (16.9–25.6) |
20.7 |
15.1 (10.0–21.9) |
25.0 (19.5–31.5) |
0.5, p = 0.030 |
21.1 (15.6–27.9) |
20.7 (15.3–27.4) |
1.0, p = 0.933 |
15.9 (10.8–22.7) |
25.3 (19.5–32.1) |
1.8, p = 0.040 |
| Bulimia | 335 |
0.9 (0.3–2.5) |
0.7 |
0.0 (0–0) |
1.5 (0.5–4.4) |
0.0, p = 0.996 |
1.2 (0.3–4.3) |
0.6 (0.1–3.3) |
0.5, p = 0.560 |
1.4 (0.4–4.9) |
0.5 (0.1–3.0) |
0.4, p = 0.450 |
| Any anxiety disorder | 335 |
34.0 (29.2–39.2) |
– |
25.9 (19.3–33.7) |
39.8 (33.2–46.8) |
0.6, p = 0.028 |
31.3 (24.7–38.7) |
36.7 (29.8–44.2) |
1.2, p = 0.491 |
26.2 (19.7–33.9) |
40.1 (33.3–47.4) |
1.9, p = 0.014 |
| Any disorder | 323 |
76.2 (71.2–80.1) |
76.0 |
73.7 (65.6–80.0) |
77.9 (71.5–83.2) |
0.8, p = 0.383 |
76.9 (69.7–82.7) |
75.5 (68.3–81.4) |
0.9, p = 0.765 |
68.3 (60.2–75.4) |
81.8 (75.4–86.8) |
2.1, p = 0.006 |
OR in bold = p < 0.05
Estimated prevalence of missing cases inclusive of non-participants (N = 541)
AS Asperger’s syndrome, ADHD (CAPA) attention deficit disorder as obtained by CAPA interview, clinical ADHD/treatment, diagnosis set before the current study by a specialist in child psychiatry or paediatrics and/or presently medicated for ADHD, ODD oppositional defiant disorder without CD exclusion, CD conduct disorder, RAD reactive attachment disorder, MDD major depressive disorder, dep NOS depressive disorder not otherwise specified, GAD generalized anxiety disorder, panic with AG agoraphobia, OCD obsessive compulsive disorder, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder; substance abuse and dependency do not include tobacco
aCalculations for age, gender and placement status were based on observed prevalence. Parameter coding for girls = 0, boys = 1; 12–16 years = 0, 17–21 years = 1; voluntary = 0, involuntary = 1
bObserved prevalence was calculated based on complete case information of N = 323–399 participants
cEstimation by multiple imputation (MI) for N = 541 was based on maximum available information for each participant and 141 non-participants. (CIs not available with MI in Mplus)
dDysthymia prevalence rate was calculated without duration criteria
eDysthymia prevalence rate was calculated according to DSM-IV 1 year duration criteria