TABLE I.

Effects of the Points and Leaderboard System

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Dependent variable	Number of correct answers per day
Post–system change  dummy	−0.6266*** [0.117]	0.1717** [0.079]	−0.5391*** [0.117]	−1.2486*** [0.183]	−1.9340*** [0.254]
Mean of dependent  variable before the  change	2.57	1.27	2.43	3.47	4.81
Observations	95,342	37,171	22,978	20,427	14,766
R-squared	0.185	0.161	0.159	0.173	0.174
Sample	Full	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4

Notes. This table presents OLS regressions of the number of correct answers per day on a dummy on whether the date is after the introduction of the points and leaderboard system. All columns restrict the analysis to the time window between one month before the introduction and one month after it. column (1) presents the results for the entire sample. Columns (2)–(5) present results by quartile of the within-classroom distribution of the total number of correct answers during the month prior to the introduction of the new system. All regressions include student fixed effects. Robust standard errors clustered by classroom in brackets. *** p < .01, ** p < .05, * p < .1.