Table 4.
Subgroup analyses stratified by study designs, study locations, types of caffeine consumption.
| Subgroup | Number of studies | Pooled MD (95% CI) | Heterogeneity |
|---|---|---|---|
| NAFLD prevalence | |||
| All studies | 3 | 2.36 (–35.92 to 40.64) | p = 0.02, I2 = 76% |
| Study design | |||
| Case-control | 2 | 23.06 (–8.67 to 54.80) | p = 0.75, I2 = 0% |
| Population-base cross-sectional | 1 | −23.10 (−23.41 to −22.79) | — |
| Regular coffee | 2 | 23.06 (–8.67 to 54.80) | p = 0.75, I2 = 0% |
| NAFLD fibrosis | |||
| All studies | 3 | −39.95 (–132.72 to 52.82) | p = 0.01, I2 = 78% |
| Study location | |||
| USA | 2 | −23.89 (–145.22 to 97.44) | p = 0.03, I2 = 79% |
| Europe | 1 | −81.40 (–174.77 to 11.97) | — |
| Regular coffee | 2 | −91.35 (−139.42 to −43.27) | p = 0.74, I2 = 0% |
NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; MD, mean difference.