TABLE 2.

Associations of selected covariates with the metabolic markers

	Leptin (pg/ml)	Adiponectin (ng/ml)
Age (years)	0.049, 0.334	0.119, 0.019
BMI (kg/m2)	0.496, <0.0001	−0.328, <0.0001
Abdominal height (cm)	0.448, <0.0001	−0.329, <0.0001
Waist circumference (cm)	0.422, <0.0001	−0.363, <0.0001
Body fat (%)	0.726, <0.0001	0.144, 0.006
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	0.083, 0.104	−0.210, <0.0001
Glucose (fasting, mg/dl)	0.092, 0.072	−0.253, <0.0001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	−0.064, 0.209	0.548, <0.0001
Physical activity score	−0.092, 0.071	0.062, 0.228
Insulin (μU/ml)	0.450, <0.0001	−0.365, <0.0001
Adiponectin (pg/ml)	−0.071, 0.165	na
	Mean (95% CI)	Mean±SD
Hypertension status
Hypertensive	11,549 (9,235–14,445)	11,824±6,794
Not hypertensive	7,471 (6,610–8,444)	13,859±7,441
P-valuea	0.001	0.022
Diabetic status
Diabetic	8,717 (4,264–17,819)	10,179±6,715
Not diabetic	8,260 (7,394–9,228)	13,399±7,255
P-valuea	0.884	0.188
Metabolic syndrome
Yes	11,534 (9,354–14,223)	9,530±5,339
No	7,268 (6,409–8,243)	14,701±7,356
P-valuea	<0.001	<0.0001
Race/ethnicity
White	7,393 (6,541–8,357)	14,306±7,541
African American	12,576 (9,868–16,027)	10,311±5,850
Hispanic	9,045 (4,068–20,110)	12,109±3,951
P-valuea	0.001	<0.0001
Education
≤12 years/GED	9,044 (6,457–12,668)	11,616±6,229
College<4 yrs	8,886 (7,666–10,301)	13,337±7,494
College≥4 yrs	7,294 (6,080–8,751)	14,014±7,377
P-valueb (from   linear contrast)	0.270	0.070
Smoking status
Current	6,992 (5,294–9,235)	14,871±6,898
Former	8,814 (7,079–10,975)	14,209±8,482
Never	8,304 (7,213–9,561)	12,635±6,880
P-valuea	0.425	0.049

Leptin was log-transformed for analysis, and then the results were back-transformed for reporting. Results for continuous variables are Pearson’s correlation coefficients and P-values.

^aP-values are for any difference between the mean values and were obtained from analysis of variance.

^bP-value is for linear trend and was obtained from analysis of variance linear contrasts.