Table 2.
Factor | Level | Non-surgical (n=409) | Surgical (n=86) | p-value between groups |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Sex, % | Male | 48 | 45 | 0.67 |
female | 52 | 55 | ||
Education, % | High school or less | 27 | 25 | 0.62 |
Some College | 40 | 46 | ||
College degree | 32 | 29 | ||
Race, % | White | 84 | 87 | 0.45 |
Other | 16 | 13 | ||
Age, mean (sd)a, years | 42.7 (9.3) | 42.1 (8.7) | 0.60 | |
Work status, % | Working full or part time | 50 | 47 | 0.06 |
On leave, unemployed | 24 | 29 | ||
Homemaker, student, retired | 9 | 15 | ||
Disabled | 17 | 8 | ||
Clinical characteristics | ||||
Duration, % | Less than 12 month | 17 | 14 | 0.67 |
1-5 years | 47 | 52 | ||
5+ year | 35 | 34 | ||
Previous surgery, % | Yes | 21 | 36 | 0.004 |
BMI, % | <24.9 | 36 | 29 | 0.51 |
25.9-29.9 | 36 | 41 | ||
30.0+ | 28 | 29 | ||
Comorbidity in Charlson index, % | Any | 36 | 41 | 0.43 |
Smoker, % | Yes | 29 | 21 | 0.12 |
Excessive alcohol/drug screen, % | Positiveb | 12 | 13 | 0.83 |
Setting | ||||
Enrollment site, % | County medical center | 37 | 26 | 0.08 |
Academic affiliate | 22 | 22 | ||
Private hospital affiliate | 41 | 52 | ||
Baseline physical health measuresc | ||||
Roland Score, mean (sd) | 0-23 | 15.9 (5.4) | 17.7 (4.2) | 0.003 |
SF-36v.2 Physical function, mean (sd) | Norm-based (0-100) | 32.9 (10.7) | 28.8 (9.2) | <0.001 |
Overall Pain Rating, mean (sd) | 0-10 | 6.1 (2.3) | 6.5 (1.9) | 0.10 |
Back pain bothersomeness, mean (sd) | 1-5 | 4.0 (0.9) | 4.4 (0.7) | 0.03 |
Leg pain bothersomeness, mean (sd) | 1-5 | 3.0 (1.4) | 3.5 (1.3) | 0.01 |
Baseline mental health measuresc | ||||
SF-36v.2 Mental Health, mean (sd) | Norm-based (0-100) | 42.2 (12.1) | 42.2 (12.3) | 0.96 |
Pain Catastrophizing, mean (sd) | Raw score (0-52) | 23.2 (13.4) | 25.3 (13.3) | 0.20 |
SCL-90 Somatization, mean (sd) | Raw score (0-4) | 1.2 (0.6) | 1.1 (0.6) | 0.80 |
SCL-90 Depression, mean (sd) | Raw score (0-4) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.1 (0.9) | 0.58 |
sd: standard deviation
Positive alcohol/drug screen was “yes” to either of two questions: excessive use within the past year or desire to cut down.
Higher scores indicate worse pain and function on all outcome measures except the SF-36 Physical Function and Mental Health scales, where higher scores indicate better function.