Table 2.
Baseline Physical- and Cognitive-Functioning Measures of Central Tendency and Normative Data
| Baseline
|
Normative Data at 50th Percentile, 69 Years
|
Reference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M ± SD | Median | Observed range | Skewness | Kurtosis | Women | Men | ||
| Physical Functioning | ||||||||
| Balance | ||||||||
| single-leg stance (s) | 30.7 ± 20.7 | 25.7 | 1–60 | 0.23 | −1.42 | 27 | 27 | Bohannon, 2006 |
| functional reach (n = 103; in.) | 16.8 ± 2.8 | 17.0 | 8.5–27.5 | 0.19 | 2.43 | 14 | 14 | Duncan et al., 1990 |
| Strength | ||||||||
| arm curls (no. in 30 s) | 16.1 ± 5.1 | 15.0 | 8–38 | 0.97 | 1.55 | 15 | 18 | Rikli & Jones, 1999a, 1999b |
| chair stands (no. in 30 s) | 14.2 ± 4.9 | 14.0 | 4–33 | 1.15 | 2.6 | 14 | 15 | Rikli & Jones, 1999a, 1999b |
| Flexibility (n = 130) | ||||||||
| back-scratch test (cm) | −3.6 ± 9.7 | −1.0 | −30–20 | −0.58 | −0.11 | −1.0 | −4.0 | Rikli & Jones, 1999a, 1999b |
| sit-and-reach test (cm) | 19.3 ± 9.6 | 19.0 | 0–17 | −0.14 | 0.11 | 24 | 17 | Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1986 |
| Cognitive Functioning | ||||||||
| Animal-naming test (n = 131; no. in 60 s) | 20.7 ± 5.3 | 20.0 | 11–38 | 0.42 | −0.12 | 19 | 19 | Tombaugh et al., 1999 |
| Digits forward (sequence length) | 9.7 ± 2.1 | 10.0 | 4–15 | 0.09 | −0.18 | 7 | 7 | Bopp & Verhaeghen, 2005 |
| Digits backward (sequence length) | 6.3 ± 2.1 | 6.0 | 2–11 | 0.41 | −0.39 | 5 | 5 | Bopp & Verhaeghen, 2005 |