Table 3.

Adoption-Phase (Baseline to 6 Months) Comparisons Between Groups^a

	Change, M ± SD			ANOVA		Group Comparisons, ES, Mean Difference [CI] if p ≤ .05
	TC, n = 37	WE, n = 39	C, n = 56	F	p	TC vs. C	WE vs. C	TC vs. WE
Physical Functioning
Balance
single-leg stance (s)	6.5 ± 9.4	3.9 ± 13.9	0.9 ± 7.3	3.36	.038	0.54, 5.5 [0.4, 10.7]	0.29	0.25
functional reach (n = 103; in.)	−0.02 ± 1.4	0.4 ± 1.8	0.3 ± 2.9	0.29	.745	−0.15	0.04	−0.19
Strength
arm curls (no. in 30 s)	3.7 ± 4.5	3.6 ± 4.6	3.5 ± 3.7	0.01	.991	0.03	0.02	0.01
chair stands (no. in 30 s)	3.5 ± 3.8	3.4 ± 3.6	2.0 ± 3.2	3.05	.051	0.46	0.41	0.05
Flexibility (n = 130)
back-scratch test (cm)	0.8 ± 3.4	3.7 ± 6.7	1.1 ± 3.3	4.67	.011	−0.07	0.55, 2.5 [0.3, 4.8]	−0.62, 2.9 [0.4, 5.4]
sit-and-reach test (cm)	1.4 ± 5.1	2.3 ± 3.5	1.7 ± 3.3	0.49	.613	−0.06	0.16	−0.22
Cardiorespiratory endurance (n = 129)b
heart rate (beats/min)	−3.2 ± 6.3	−4.8 ± 5.6	−3.8 ± 8.5	0.51	.600	0.08	−0.15	0.23
systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	−3.2 ± 15.8	−2.9 ± 15.1	−3.3 ± 17.5	0.01	.993	0.01	0.03	−0.02
rating of perceived exertion	−0.1 ± 1.5	−0.4 ± 1.4	−0.4 ± 1.3	0.80	.454	0.26	0.06	0.20
Cognitive Functioning
Animal-naming test (n = 131; no. in 60 s)	0.8 ± 4.1	2.0 ± 4.7	0.6 ± 4.1	1.18	.311	0.04	0.31	−0.27
Digits forward (sequence length)	0.03 ± 1.8	−0.5 ± 1.6	−0.05 ± 1.6	1.33	.268	0.05	−0.29	0.34
Digits backward (sequence length)	0.8 ± 1.7	−0.7 ± 1.9	−0.1 ± 1.6	7.75	<.001	0.55, 0.9 [0.1, 1.8]	−0.34	0.90, 1.5 [0.6, 2.5]

Note. ES = effect size; CI = confidence interval; TC = Tai Chi; WE = Western exercise; C = control.

^aSubmaximal treadmill test unadjusted for antihypertensive medication, age, or gender.

^bIntention-to-treat analysis, missing data = last observation carried forward.