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. 2015 Dec 3;7(12):e393. doi: 10.7759/cureus.393

Figure 2. Mechanism of increase in oxidative stress and resultant podocyte injury due to hyperglycemia.

Figure 2

High glucose gets metabolized to form obnoxious glucose metabolites; directly reduces the quantity of antioxidants like glutathione (GSH); fuses with proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs); induces protein kinase C (PKC) signaling and deranges renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). All these mechanism tend to increase oxidative stress by inducing the action of NADPH oxidase. The reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus produced, inflict injury to podocytes and decrease their density.